{"id":7741,"date":"2022-11-18T14:36:00","date_gmt":"2022-11-18T13:36:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iefc.net\/?p=7741"},"modified":"2023-11-17T14:18:12","modified_gmt":"2023-11-17T13:18:12","slug":"incendies-estivaux-2022-dans-le-living-lab-de-nouvelle-aquitaine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/pt\/incendies-estivaux-2022-dans-le-living-lab-de-nouvelle-aquitaine\/","title":{"rendered":"2022 Summer Fires in the Living Lab In Nouvelle-Aquitaine"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

O projecto FIRE-RES visa dotar a UE da capacidade de gerir o aumento previsto dos inc\u00eandios florestais sob um clima mais rigoroso. Ir\u00e1 implementar uma s\u00e9rie de ac\u00e7\u00f5es de inova\u00e7\u00e3o em onze laborat\u00f3rios vivos localizados na Europa e no Chile, durante o per\u00edodo 2021-2025..<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Um destes laborat\u00f3rios vivos \u00e9 “Landes de Gascogne” na Nouvelle-Aquitaine um tri\u00e2ngulo de solos arenosos, 75% dos quais est\u00e3o florestados, com 1Mha de pinheiro. Est\u00e1 localizado no sudoeste de Fran\u00e7a. Esta zona de solo arenoso homog\u00e9neo e pobre em nutrientes \u00e9 dominada por povoamentos de pinheiro bravo , principalmente associados ao carvalho. A elevada taxa de arboriza\u00e7\u00e3o conduz a uma forte continuidade na carga de combust\u00edvel \u00e0 escala da paisagem.  A maior parte da floresta \u00e9 gerida como povoamentos regulares, com fortes esfor\u00e7os no controlo de vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o espont\u00e2nea para reduzir o risco de inc\u00eandio e melhorar a produtividade. Desde 1949, existe um sistema de preven\u00e7\u00e3o contra inc\u00eandios extremamente eficiente, com inscri\u00e7\u00e3o obrigat\u00f3ria dos propriet\u00e1rios florestais em associa\u00e7\u00f5es municipais de preven\u00e7\u00e3o de inc\u00eandios (DFCI : d\u00e9fense des for\u00eats contre les incendies). Estas associa\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o respons\u00e1veis pela instala\u00e7\u00e3o e manuten\u00e7\u00e3o de estradas florestais, corta-fogos, pontes e po\u00e7os perfurados. Estes recursos infra-estruturais combinados com uma capacidade crescente de combate a inc\u00eandios evidenciam a efic\u00e1cia do sistema desde a \u00faltima guerra n\u00e3o tendo sido registados mega-inc\u00eandios apesar do risco de inc\u00eandio estar sempre presente (5000 igni\u00e7\u00f5es por ano no departamento da Gironde). Os inc\u00eandios s\u00e3o principalmente provocados pela actividade humana, representando os raios menos de dez por cento das igni\u00e7\u00f5es de inc\u00eandios na \u00faltima d\u00e9cada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O Ver\u00e3o de 2022 caracterizou-se por um per\u00edodo extremamente longo e seco (Agosto de 2021 a Maio de 2022 foi o per\u00edodo mais seco desde 1950 – mais seco do que 1976). Os pinheiros come\u00e7aram a perder agulhas a partir de Junho, originando uma camada de caruma profunda, e os bombeiros relataram que chamas invulgares come\u00e7aram a partir de gases que sa\u00edam diretamente dos troncos das \u00e1rvores. Depois come\u00e7aram dois inc\u00eandios quando a temperatura do ar estava extremamente elevada (cerca de 40\u00b0C) num dia extremamente seco com humidade do ar abaixo dos 10% durante muitas horas, o que \u00e9 extremamente invulgar nesta zona durante o Ver\u00e3o. Al\u00e9m disso, este tempo quente e seco durou mais de 8 dias desde 12 de Julho, devido aos ventos fracos de norte e ou leste que impediram que a precipita\u00e7\u00e3o chegasse com trovoadas trazidas pelos ventos de oeste que trazem humidade do oceano. Os dois primeiros inc\u00eandios florestais tinham sido controlados at\u00e9 20 de Julho. Mas o inc\u00eandio de Landiras recome\u00e7ou no dia 9 de Agosto, ap\u00f3s uma segunda vaga de calor, e s\u00f3 terminou no dia 12 de Agosto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Os mapas dos tr\u00eas inc\u00eandios smostrados abaixo evidenciam os 27000 hectares ardidos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Figura 1: Vis\u00e3o geral do megafogo em Landes de Gasconha, Nouvelle-Aquitaine<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n
\"\"
Figura 2: Inc\u00eandios Landiras 1 (em azul) e Landiras 2 (em laranja)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n
\"\"
Figura 3: Inc\u00eandio de La Teste de Buch<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n
\"\"
Figura 4: 300m de quebra-fogo montados como resposta de emerg\u00eancia durante o inc\u00eandio pelos servi\u00e7os florestais ao sul do inc\u00eandio de La Teste (fonte ONF)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Os fogos Landiras 1 e La Teste-de-Buch foram fogos simult\u00e2neos. O de La Teste-de-Buch ocorreu numa zona muito tur\u00edstica e peri-urbana com grandes parques de campismo que exigiam a evacua\u00e7\u00e3o de 6000 turistas e mais de 30000 habitantes, incluindo zonas dif\u00edceis com um jardim zool\u00f3gico e restaurantes. Foi aberto um grande corta-fogo no limite sul do inc\u00eandio (figura 4) mas os fogos t\u00e1cticos conseguiram parar a progress\u00e3o do fogo 4km antes deste atingir o corta-fogo e limitaram a \u00e1rea ardida a 7000ha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O inc\u00eandio de Landiras 1 desenvolveu-se numa zona rural, dominada por floresta. Muitas aldeias tiveram de ser evacuadas (8000 habitantes de Landiras, Budos, Balizac, …) e queimou uma \u00e1rea de 13800 ha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cerca de 20km de fogos t\u00e1cticos e 1 km de contra-fogos de fundo foram utilizados em Julho nos dois inc\u00eandios e permitiram controlar a propaga\u00e7\u00e3o do fogo. Cerca de 1700 bombeiros estiveram envolvidos e 6 avi\u00f5es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Surpreendentemente, no dia 10 de Agosto o inc\u00eandio em Landiras sofreu uma reativa\u00e7\u00e3o (Landiras 2) numa frente de 2 km com extremo calor e cobriu uma \u00e1rea inacredit\u00e1vel de 6000 ha numa noite, exigindo recursos maci\u00e7os coordenados pelo SDIS 33 (1300 bombeiros e 100 cami\u00f5es de bombeiros) para o parar antes que este atravessasse a auto-estrada para Espanha num dos fins de semana mais movimentados do Ver\u00e3o levando \u00e0 evacua\u00e7\u00e3o de12500 pessoas. A \u00e1rea total queimada do inc\u00eandio das Landiras 2 \u00e9 de 7400 ha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Como setembro permaneceu muito quente, uma outra \u00e1rea de 3400 ha ardeu na regi\u00e3o de Saumos (noroeste de Bord\u00e9us) ap\u00f3s o inc\u00eandio que come\u00e7ou no dia 12 de Setembro levando \u00e0 evacua\u00e7\u00e3o de 1800 pessoas durante um  inc\u00eandio que durou 3 dias.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Os inc\u00eandios que ocorreram na Aquit\u00e2nia este Ver\u00e3o resultaram de um tempo extremamente quente e seco, muito invulgar, que pode ocorrer mais frequentemente no futuro, demonstrando que s\u00e3o necess\u00e1rias algumas mudan\u00e7as estruturais na  floresta. Estes mega-inc\u00eandios est\u00e3o a atrair mais do que a aten\u00e7\u00e3o e perguntas do p\u00fablico sobre a gest\u00e3o do pinheiro bravo em Fran\u00e7a e ter\u00e3o de ser considerados no planeamento da restauro p\u00f3s-inc\u00eandio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Algumas das tarefas planeadas pela FIRE-RES destinam-se a abordar a estrutura da paisagem, ajustando o uso do solo para limitar a continuidade da carga de combust\u00edvel e tirar partido das infra-estruturas existentes (por exemplo, estradas, linhas f\u00e9rreas, linhas el\u00e9ctricas, etc.). Este trabalho ser\u00e1 poss\u00edvel gra\u00e7as \u00e0 utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o das mais recentes ferramentas de modela\u00e7\u00e3o desenvolvidas pelo INRAe e colegas canadianos, que j\u00e1 est\u00e3o a ser utilizadas pelos servi\u00e7os de emerg\u00eancia contra inc\u00eandios. Estas ferramentas ser\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m \u00fateis para melhorar a concep\u00e7\u00e3o da interface floresta\/\u00e1reas urbanas, refor\u00e7ando a import\u00e2ncia dos corta-fogos, e permitir recomenda\u00e7\u00f5es para planeamento urbano e esquemas de seguros.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Christophe Orazio, IEFC<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

O projecto FIRE-RES visa dotar a UE da capacidade de gerir o aumento previsto dos inc\u00eandios florestais sob um clima mais rigoroso. Ir\u00e1 implementar uma s\u00e9rie de ac\u00e7\u00f5es de inova\u00e7\u00e3o […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":101,"featured_media":7742,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":4,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[296,237,27,230],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7741","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-2022-october","category-abiotic","category-iefc-newsletter","category-risk-management"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"pt","enabled_languages":["gb","fr","es","pt"],"languages":{"gb":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n2022 Summer Fires in the Living Lab In Nouvelle-Aquitaine - 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