{"id":5796,"date":"2022-03-11T09:34:52","date_gmt":"2022-03-11T08:34:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iefc.net\/?p=5796"},"modified":"2023-08-25T11:36:17","modified_gmt":"2023-08-25T09:36:17","slug":"tree-failure-during-strong-winds-measured-for-the-first-time","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/pt\/tree-failure-during-strong-winds-measured-for-the-first-time\/","title":{"rendered":"Falha de \u00e1rvores durante ventos fortes medidos pela primeira vez"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"617\" src=\"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Tree-failure-1024x617.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5797\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Tree-failure-1024x617.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Tree-failure-300x181.png 300w, https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Tree-failure-150x90.png 150w, https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Tree-failure-768x463.png 768w, https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Tree-failure.png 1087w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 1: Actividade cicl\u00f3nica tropical em 2018 mostrando o aumento da actividade no Atl\u00e2ntico Norte. Fonte (Blunden and Arndt, 2019)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Os danos causados pelo vento nas florestas s\u00e3o uma grande e crescente amea\u00e7a em muitas partes do mundo. Em particular com as mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas, prev\u00ea-se uma intensifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos ciclones tropicais com uma migra\u00e7\u00e3o para norte para latitudes mais elevadas (Figura 1). Isto significa que os ventos intensos dos furac\u00f5es remanescentes s\u00e3o suscet\u00edveis de se tornarem mais comuns durante o Outono em pa\u00edses ao longo da costa atl\u00e2ntica e em redor do Mar do Norte. Al\u00e9m disso, h\u00e1 cada vez mais provas de danos em florestas e \u00e1rvores urbanas devido a trovoadas intensas e trovoadas durante o Ver\u00e3o na Europa Central e Oriental (https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-40959863).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Contudo, at\u00e9 \u00e0 data, ningu\u00e9m mediu o processo de falha das \u00e1rvores durante uma tempestade intensa. Isto significa que o verdadeiro mecanismo de falha tem sido objeto de conjeturas baseadas em experi\u00eancias de arranque de \u00e1rvores, observa\u00e7\u00f5es p\u00f3s-tempestade e provas em v\u00eddeo. A 1 de Outubro de 2018, o super-tuf\u00e3o Trami causou devasta\u00e7\u00e3o em toda a ilha principal do Jap\u00e3o (https:\/\/www.ouest-france.fr\/monde\/japon\/trami-un-nouveau-super-typhon-frappe-le-japon-et-fait-des-blesses-5992961). Felizmente, um colega no Jap\u00e3o, Dr Kana Kamimura da Universidade de Shinshu, Jap\u00e3o, estava a monitorizar os movimentos e a for\u00e7a do vento em v\u00e1rias \u00e1rvores de <em>Criptom\u00e9ria japonica<\/em> geneticamente semelhantes, em parcelas desbastadas e n\u00e3o-desbastadas. V\u00e1rias \u00e1rvores falharam durante a tempestade, mas apenas na parcela recentemente desbastada (desbastada no ano anterior) e surpreendentemente, apesar dos ventos intensos e dos danos nas \u00e1rvores, conseguiu-se obter dados em 20 \u00e1rvores na parcela n\u00e3o-desbastada e 9 \u00e1rvores na parcela desbastada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Video of the research plots recorded after damage from super typhoon Trami\" width=\"525\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/5ZjQOQC-kN0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Agora, ap\u00f3s uma an\u00e1lise aprofundada, e lidando com problemas devidos a per\u00edodos de perda de dados durante a tempestade, foi publicado um artigo documentando o comportamento das \u00e1rvores durante o tuf\u00e3o e o mecanismo exato de falha na prestigiada revista Science Advances com autores do Jap\u00e3o (Kana Kamimura, Kazuki Nanko, Asako Matsumoto, Saneyoshi Ueno), Fran\u00e7a (Barry Gardiner) e Reino Unido (James Gardiner) (Kamimura et al., 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A mensagem chave do artigo \u00e9 que as \u00e1rvores ficam vulner\u00e1veis imediatamente ap\u00f3s o desbaste, devido \u00e0 remo\u00e7\u00e3o dos vizinhos. Estes vizinhos proporcionam uma maior &#8220;rigidez&#8221; e amortecimento \u00e0 \u00e1rvore em quest\u00e3o devido ao choque quase cont\u00ednuo das copas na parcela n\u00e3o-desbastada (https:\/\/youtu.be\/pW9oMKlmcG8) que reduz a for\u00e7a do vento que \u00e9 transmitida atrav\u00e9s do tronco at\u00e9 ao sistema raiz\/solo. No entanto, na parcela desbastada, com todos os vizinhos pr\u00f3ximos removidos, as \u00e1rvores s\u00e3o mais livres de se mover e o amortecimento das colis\u00f5es \u00e9 substancialmente reduzido. Observ\u00e1mos que estas \u00e1rvores se moviam de forma err\u00e1tica e ap\u00f3s um r\u00e1pido aumento da velocidade do vento \u00e0 medida que a tempestade se intensificou, estas \u00e1rvores come\u00e7aram a inclinar-se cada vez mais para longe da sua posi\u00e7\u00e3o inicial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Animation of derived tree displacements for damaged tree S14 during typhoon Trami\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/-qWwOaR8b8g?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Algumas \u00e1rvores foram arrancadas e ca\u00edram, mas mesmo as \u00e1rvores n\u00e3o danificadas na parcela desbastada ficaram ligeiramente inclinadas ap\u00f3s a passagem do tuf\u00e3o. Por sua vez, todas as \u00e1rvores da parcela n\u00e3o-desbastada voltaram \u00e0s suas posi\u00e7\u00f5es iniciais. O derrube das \u00e1rvores danificadas n\u00e3o foi imediato e teve lugar durante um per\u00edodo de uma a duas horas. Algumas \u00e1rvores tiveram danos em m\u00faltiplas ra\u00edzes finas e o processo de danos foi relativamente lento. Noutras \u00e1rvores h\u00e1 provas claras de danos a uma raiz substancial no in\u00edcio do per\u00edodo de ventos intensos e o processo de falha foi mais r\u00e1pido.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A li\u00e7\u00e3o para a gest\u00e3o florestal deste estudo \u00e9 que a intera\u00e7\u00e3o das copas das \u00e1rvores no copado florestal \u00e9 crucial para a estabilidade das \u00e1rvores durante ventos fortes. Qualquer perturba\u00e7\u00e3o na floresta que reduza esta intera\u00e7\u00e3o das copas, como o desbaste, reduz imediatamente a estabilidade das \u00e1rvores. Com o tempo, a copa ir\u00e1 crescer e as \u00e1rvores ir\u00e3o ajustar-se ao seu novo ambiente de vento, aumentando o seu sistema radicular e di\u00e2metro do trono (D\u00e8fossez et al., 2021; Nicoll et al., 2019). Ap\u00f3s este ajustamento, estas \u00e1rvores desbastadas tornar-se-\u00e3o mais est\u00e1veis do que as \u00e1rvores n\u00e3o desbastadas (Mason and Valinger, 2013). A import\u00e2ncia da intera\u00e7\u00e3o das copas pode tamb\u00e9m ser a raz\u00e3o pela qual os povoamentos irregulares s\u00e3o mais est\u00e1veis (Mason, 2002; Pukkala et al., 2016) e porque o desbaste seletivo \u00e9 uma op\u00e7\u00e3o mais sensata em regi\u00f5es com um clima ventoso ou para povoamentos florestais com \u00e1rvores suficientemente grandes para serem vulner\u00e1veis aos danos causados pelo vento (Kerr e Haufe, 2011; Pommerening e Murphy, 2004).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Barry Gardiner<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>IEFC, Pierroton<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><em>17 de Fevereiro de 2022<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Refer\u00eancias<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Blunden, J., Arndt, D.S., 2019. State of the Climate in 2018. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 100. https:\/\/doi.org\/doi:10.1175\/2019BAMSStateoftheClimate.1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00e8fossez, P., Rajaonalison, F., Bosc, A., 2021. How wind acclimation impacts Pinus pinaster growth in comparison to resource availability. For. An Int. J. For. Res. 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/forestry\/cpab028<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kamimura, K., Nanko, K., Matsumoto, A., Ueno, S., Gardiner, J., Gardiner, B., 2022. Tree dynamic response and survival in a category-5 tropical cyclone\u202f: The case of super typhoon Trami. Sci. Adv. 8, 1\u201311.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kerr, G., Haufe, J., 2011. Thinning Practice: A Silvicultural Guide. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mason, B., Valinger, E., 2013. Managing forests to reduce storm damage, in: Gardiner, B., Schuck, A., Schelhaas, M.-J., Orazio, C., Blennow, K., Nicoll, B. (Eds.), Living with Storm Damage to Forests: What Science Can Tell Us. European Forest Institute, pp. 89\u201398.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mason, W.L., 2002. Are irregular stands more windfirm\u202f? 75.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nicoll, B.C., Connolly, T., Gardiner, B.A., 2019. Changes in spruce growth and biomass allocation following thinning and guying treatments. Forests 10, 253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f10030253<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pommerening, A., Murphy, S.T., 2004. A review of the history, definitions and methods of continuous cover forestry with special attention to afforestation and restocking. Forestry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/forestry\/77.1.27<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pukkala, T., Laiho, O., L\u00e4hde, E., 2016. Continuous cover management reduces wind damage. For. Ecol. Manage. 372, 120\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foreco.2016.04.014<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Os danos causados pelo vento nas florestas s\u00e3o uma grande e crescente amea\u00e7a em muitas partes do mundo. Em particular com as mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas, prev\u00ea-se uma intensifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos ciclones tropicais [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":101,"featured_media":5797,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":4,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[237,230],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5796","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-abiotic","category-risk-management"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"pt","enabled_languages":["gb","fr","es","pt"],"languages":{"gb":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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