{"id":4950,"date":"2021-05-25T12:55:20","date_gmt":"2021-05-25T10:55:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iefc.net\/?p=4950"},"modified":"2023-08-25T11:36:33","modified_gmt":"2023-08-25T09:36:33","slug":"europe-is-entering-the-age-of-the-bioeconomy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/pt\/europe-is-entering-the-age-of-the-bioeconomy\/","title":{"rendered":"A Europa est\u00e1 a entrar na era da bioeconomia"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Dois artigos recentes na Revista Nature, Abrupt increase\nin harvested forest area over Europe after 2015<\/a>[AC1]<\/a>  (Ceccherini et al., 2020)  e \nConcerns about harvested area and biomass loss in\nEuropean forests<\/a> (Palah\u00ed et al., 2021)  abriram um importante debate sobre a\nbioeconomia baseada na floresta na Europa e o seu impacto na colheita\nflorestal. O que \u00e9 claro \u00e9 que a colheita florestal aumentou 6% nos \u00faltimos\nanos  (FAOSTAT, 2019)  e  n\u00e3o\nos  69% como relatado por  Ceccherini et al. (2020). As diferen\u00e7as de estimativa devem-se a uma s\u00e9rie de fatores que, juntos,\nsignificam que as previs\u00f5es  de  Ceccherini et al. (2020)  n\u00e3o s\u00e3o seguras:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Um dos erros mais importantes nas previs\u00f5es deve-se\n\u00e0 crescente sensibilidade dos   algoritmos de dete\u00e7\u00e3o de sat\u00e9lites e\nperturba\u00e7\u00f5es desde 2015. Esta sensibilidade acrescida significa que muitas\nopera\u00e7\u00f5es florestais de pequena escala, como \ndesbastes  e pequenas clareiras,\nest\u00e3o agora a ser inclu\u00eddas como colheitas que foram perdidas antes de 2015.\nSignifica tamb\u00e9m que a colheita ou perturba\u00e7\u00e3o dentro da floresta antes de 2015\npoderia ter sido perdida nos dados de sat\u00e9lite nestas datas anteriores, mas\nteria sido detetada subitamente em 2015 e \nrepresentaria  um  aumento dos  n\u00edveis de perturba\u00e7\u00e3o. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Havia muitos exemplos de inclus\u00e3o err\u00f3nea de\ndist\u00farbios naturais. Uma s\u00e9rie de dist\u00farbios em larga escala nas florestas\neuropeias  no per\u00edodo ap\u00f3s 2015 por causa\ndo vento,  tra\u00e7as promiss\u00f3rias de pinheiros,\n ataques de besouros, foram  erroneamente atribu\u00eddos \u00e0 atividade humana  e  inflacionaram artificialmente as estimativas\nde colheita florestal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. A metodologia de altera\u00e7\u00e3o do mapeamento contando\nos pixels individuais nos dados de sat\u00e9lite e adicionando todos os pixels\ndesignados como perturba\u00e7\u00e3o para calcular a \u00e1rea total carece de  rigor estat\u00edstico e  pode produzir estimativas  tendenciosas.   Deve\nser utilizada uma metodologia de\namostragem estratificada  (Olofsson et al., 2013)  que explica tanto os erros de omiss\u00e3o (falsos\nnegativos) como os erros de comiss\u00e3o (falsos positivos).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Em termos globais, estes fatores levaram \u00e0 ideia falade\nque a colheita na Europa aumentou drasticamente desde 2015. Tamb\u00e9m  levaram  Ceccherini et al. (2020)  a atribuir esta aparente altera\u00e7\u00e3o   \u00e0s\npol\u00edticas da Uni\u00e3o Europeia em mat\u00e9ria de bioenergia e promo\u00e7\u00e3o da madeira como\nfonte de bioenergia sem qualquer evid\u00eancia que apoie essa conclus\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O debate demonstrou uma s\u00e9rie de pontos  importantes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Medir e controlar as florestas  europeias \u00e9 mais importante do que nunca. Em\nparticular, \u00e9 especialmente importante que adotemos uma abordagem consistente da\nmonitoriza\u00e7\u00e3o florestal em toda a Europa  (Tomppo e Schadauer, 2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Os dados de dete\u00e7\u00e3o remota devem ser sempre\nverificados com outros dados, tais como medi\u00e7\u00f5es terrestres ou  estat\u00edsticas  florestais nacionais (Wernick et al., 2021).  A utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de dados de dete\u00e7\u00e3o\nremota sem provas corroborantes est\u00e1 aberta \u00e0  possibilidade de erros devido a uma\ninterpreta\u00e7\u00e3o incorreta de dados ou a distor\u00e7\u00f5es de amostragem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. As florestas plantadas continuar\u00e3o a fornecer uma\nquantidade crescente de madeira e outras mat\u00e9rias-primas  no sector industrial europeu,  contribuindo simultaneamente para os  objetivos em mat\u00e9ria de altera\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas da Uni\u00e3o\nEuropeia  (Comiss\u00e3o Europeia, 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. A procura de materiais lenhosos aumentar\u00e1 \u00e0\nmedida que a sociedade avan\u00e7a para uma economia mais dependente da produ\u00e7\u00e3o de\nmat\u00e9rias-primas sustent\u00e1veis com uma maior utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de materiais \u00e0 base de\nplantas; a chamada “economia verde”. \nAs florestas plantadas oferecem uma das poucas formas de satisfazer\na  procura de uma forma consistente com a\nnecessidade de   tamb\u00e9m atenuar os impactos das altera\u00e7\u00f5es\nclim\u00e1ticas  (Gardiner e Moore, 2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O papel das florestas plantadas e de alta produ\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 a tornar-se cada vez mais importante na economia europeia, tanto agora como no futuro. Apesar das preocupa\u00e7\u00f5es com o impacto das florestas plantadas na biodiversidade e da sua vulnerabilidade a  diferentes  perigos, \u00e9 evidente que, com um planeamento cuidado e  pr\u00e1ticas de gest\u00e3o adequadas, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel aumentar a \u00e1rea e a produ\u00e7\u00e3o de florestas plantadas  (Larsen et al., 2017)  beneficiando tamb\u00e9m o ambiente e com n\u00edveis de risco reduzidos (Jactel et al., 2017). O mais importante \u00e9 uma compreens\u00e3o adequada das intera\u00e7\u00f5es complexas entre as florestas, a gest\u00e3o, o clima, o ambiente e a  sociedade. O IEFC est\u00e1 numa posi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00fanica para ajudar a  desenvolver esse conhecimento  atrav\u00e9s da sua forte rede de parceiros e da sua liga\u00e7\u00e3o direta com o sector da silvicultura e dos produtos florestais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Por: Barry Gardiner (IEFC)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Foto de Thomas Lambert, Unsplash<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ceccherini, G., Duveiller, G., Grassi, G., Lemoine, G.,\nAvitabile, V., Pilli, R., Cescatti, A., 2020. Abrupt increase in harvested\nforest area over Europe after 2015. Nature 583, 72\u201377.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2438-y<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Commission, 2018. Regulation (EU) 2018\/841 of the European\nParliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on the inclusion of greenhouse gas\nemissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry in the 2030\nclimate and energy framework, and amending Regulation. Off. J. Eur. Union 19,\n1\u201325.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gardiner, B., Moore, J., 2014. Creating the Wood Supply of the Future, in:\nFenning, T. (Ed.), Challenges and Opportunities for the World\u2019s Forests in the\n21st Century, Forestry Sciences. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 687\u2013704.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-007-7076-8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jactel, H., Bauhus, J., Boberg, J., Bonal, D., Castagneyrol, B., Gardiner,\nB., Gonzalez-Olabarria, J.R., Koricheva, J., Meurisse, N., Brockerhoff, E.G.,\n2017. Tree diversity drives forest stand resistance to natural disturbances.\nCurr. For. Reports. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40725-017-0064-1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Larsen, S., Bentsen, N.S., Dalgaard, T., J\u00f8rgensen, U., Olesen, J.E.,\nFelby, C., 2017. Possibilities for near-term bioenergy production and\nGHG-mitigation through sustainable intensification of agriculture and forestry\nin Denmark. Environ. Res. Lett. 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa9001<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Olofsson, P., Foody, G.M., Stehman, S. V., Woodcock, C.E., 2013. Making\nbetter use of accuracy data in land change studies: Estimating accuracy and\narea and quantifying uncertainty using stratified estimation. Remote Sens.\nEnviron. 129, 122\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rse.2012.10.031<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Palah\u00ed, M., Valbuena, R., Senf, C., Acil, N., Pugh, T.A.M., Sadler, J.,\nSeidl, R., Potapov, P., Gardiner, B., Hetem\u00e4ki, L., Chirici, G., Francini, S.,\nHl\u00e1sny, T., Jan, B., Lerink, W., Olsson, H., Ram\u00f3n, J., Olabarria, G., Ascoli,\nD., Asikainen, A., Jactel, H., Lindner, M., Marchetti, M., Maru\u0161\u00e1k, R., Sheil,\nD., Tom\u00e9, M., Trasobares, A., Verkerk, P.J., Korhonen, M., 2021. Concerns about\nreported harvests in European forests. Nature 592, 15\u201317.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tomppo, E., Schadauer, K., 2008. COST Action E43 Harmonisation of National\nInventories in Europe\u202f: Techniques for Common Reporting. Brussels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wernick, I.K., Ciais, P., Fridman, J., H\u00f6gberg, P., Korhonen, K.T., From,\nA., Ceccherini, G., 2021. Quantifying forest change in the European Union.\nNature 592, 13\u201314.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

An important debate about the forest-based bioeconomy in Europe and its impact on forest harvesting<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":101,"featured_media":4951,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":4,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[108],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4950","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bioeconomy"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"pt","enabled_languages":["gb","fr","es","pt"],"languages":{"gb":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nA Europa est\u00e1 a entrar na era da bioeconomia - 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