{"id":31494,"date":"2026-07-16T11:53:31","date_gmt":"2026-07-16T09:53:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/?p=31494"},"modified":"2026-07-17T12:57:17","modified_gmt":"2026-07-17T10:57:17","slug":"repensando-o-controlo-do-nematodo-do-pinheiro-em-florestas-em-declinio","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/pt\/repensando-o-controlo-do-nematodo-do-pinheiro-em-florestas-em-declinio\/","title":{"rendered":"Repensando o controlo do nem\u00e1todo do pinheiro em florestas em decl\u00ednio"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

O nem\u00e1todo do pinheiro (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/em>, \u00e9 um pat\u00f3geno altamente prejudicial para os pinheiros. O pinheiro-mar\u00edtimo (Pinus pinaster<\/em>), em particular, tem se mostrado extremamente suscet\u00edvel, e as \u00e1rvores em decl\u00ednio no campo normalmente abrigam densidades mais elevadas de nem\u00e1todos. No entanto, conforme destacado por trabalhos recentes, o decl\u00ednio florestal n\u00e3o pode ser atribu\u00eddo apenas ao PWN: continua sendo dif\u00edcil separar os seus efeitos diretos dos efeitos de outros fatores de stress bi\u00f3ticos e abi\u00f3ticos. A doen\u00e7a da murchid\u00e3o do pinheiro (PWD, Figura 1) surge, em vez disso, como um fen\u00f3meno multifatorial moldado pela biologia do agente pat\u00f3geno, pela din\u00e2mica do vetor, pelas intera\u00e7\u00f5es da comunidade florestal e pelo clima.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figura 1:<\/strong> Pinheiros mar\u00edtimos apresentando sintomas da doen\u00e7a do murchamento do pinheiro.<\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apesar dessa complexidade, as estrat\u00e9gias europeias de conten\u00e7\u00e3o e erradica\u00e7\u00e3o permaneceram praticamente inalteradas h\u00e1 quase tr\u00eas d\u00e9cadas, baseando-se principalmente na detec\u00e7\u00e3o e remo\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1rvores sintom\u00e1ticas e em suposi\u00e7\u00f5es sobre a capacidade de dispers\u00e3o dos vetores Monochamus<\/em>. Embora essas medidas ofere\u00e7am simplicidade operacional, t\u00eam sido amplamente criticadas por se basearem em estimativas incertas de transmiss\u00e3o e dispers\u00e3o do vetor e por ignorarem aspectos fundamentais da biologia do PWN. Estes incluem a capacidade do nem\u00e1todo de persistir em \u00e1rvores assintom\u00e1ticas, a varia\u00e7\u00e3o na virul\u00eancia, a possibilidade de hist\u00f3rias de vida sapr\u00f3fitas alternativas e fortes intera\u00e7\u00f5es com o clima. A seca, em particular, exacerba a gravidade da PWD e espera-se que se intensifique com as altera\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas, amea\u00e7ando sobrecarregar os sistemas de conten\u00e7\u00e3o, como j\u00e1 ocorreu num passado recente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O controlo centrado nos vetores tendencialmente ignora o contexto ecol\u00f3gico. As intera\u00e7\u00f5es comunit\u00e1rias influenciam fortemente a abund\u00e2ncia de Monochamus<\/em> em \u00e1rvores em decl\u00ednio, e os serradores de pinheiro s\u00e3o frequentemente muito menosomuns do que se sup\u00f5e, ocorrendo em menos de um ter\u00e7o dos pinheiros em decl\u00ednio no sudoeste de Portugal. Isto sugere que o resgate estrat\u00e9gico e direcionado de \u00e1rvores de alto risco poderia reduzir substancialmente a propaga\u00e7\u00e3o do PWN, removendo apenas uma fra\u00e7\u00e3o das \u00e1rvores afetadas, reduzindo custos e sobrecarga do sistema. No entanto, tais abordagens requerem uma compreens\u00e3o mais profunda das prefer\u00eancias do hospedeiro do vetor e da forese do nem\u00e1todo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De forma mais ampla, a gest\u00e3o do PWN reflete um problema familiar na pol\u00edtica de perturba\u00e7\u00e3o florestal: a depend\u00eancia de ferramentas est\u00e1ticas e orientadas para a conten\u00e7\u00e3o que priorizam a documenta\u00e7\u00e3o dos danos em detrimento da preven\u00e7\u00e3o. Ap\u00f3s 27 anos, milh\u00f5es de euros investidos e a inevit\u00e1vel propaga\u00e7\u00e3o do PWN de Portugal para Espanha e agora Fran\u00e7a, \u00e9 cada vez mais claro que o diagn\u00f3stico e o corte raso por si s\u00f3 n\u00e3o s\u00e3o suficientes. Enquanto a \u00c1sia avan\u00e7ou na investiga\u00e7\u00e3o sobre resist\u00eancia do hospedeiro e controlo biol\u00f3gico, a Europa hesitou em aceitar que o PWN j\u00e1 n\u00e3o \u00e9 um problema de erradica\u00e7\u00e3o, mas sim um problema permanente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

No futuro, a Europa deve fazer a transi\u00e7\u00e3o de t\u00e1ticas de adiamento para uma gest\u00e3o adaptativa a longo prazo. A integra\u00e7\u00e3o dos princ\u00edpios One Health, atrav\u00e9s da identifica\u00e7\u00e3o de reservat\u00f3rios, revis\u00e3o dos ciclos de vida dos pat\u00f3genos, considera\u00e7\u00e3o das vias de dissemina\u00e7\u00e3o a longa dist\u00e2ncia e atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o das previs\u00f5es em fun\u00e7\u00e3o das altera\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas e do uso do solo, oferece uma forma de alinhar a ci\u00eancia, as pol\u00edticas e a preven\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

David Pires<\/strong><\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Refer\u00eancias:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Carla S. Pimentel,\u00a0David Pires,\u00a0Jo\u00e3o Camp\u00f4a,\u00a0Jordana Branco,\u00a0Raquel Marques,\u00a0Manuel M. Mota\u00a0&\u00a0Teresa Calv\u00e3o
– Multiple factors associated with forest decline in the context of control measures for the pinewood nematode | European Journal of Plant Pathology | Springer Nature Link<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

O nem\u00e1todo do pinheiro (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, \u00e9 um pat\u00f3geno altamente prejudicial para os pinheiros. O pinheiro-mar\u00edtimo (Pinus pinaster), em particular, tem se mostrado extremamente suscet\u00edvel, e as \u00e1rvores em […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":101,"featured_media":31498,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":4,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"federated","footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31494","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-iefc-newsletter"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"pt","enabled_languages":["gb","fr","pt","es"],"languages":{"gb":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nRepensando o controlo do nem\u00e1todo do pinheiro em florestas em decl\u00ednio - 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