{"id":22827,"date":"2025-06-10T15:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-06-10T13:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/?p=22827"},"modified":"2025-06-10T10:31:31","modified_gmt":"2025-06-10T08:31:31","slug":"current-scenario-of-the-pine-wood-nematode-in-galicia-spain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/pt\/current-scenario-of-the-pine-wood-nematode-in-galicia-spain\/","title":{"rendered":"Cen\u00e1rio atual do nem\u00e1todo da madeira do pinheiro na Galiza (Espanha)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

O Bursaphelenchus xylophilus <\/em>(nem\u00e1todo da madeira do pinheiro, NMP), o nem\u00e1todo que causa a doen\u00e7a da murchid\u00e3o do pinheiro, \u00e9 considerado uma amea\u00e7a muito importante para as florestas de pinheiro europeias. Est\u00e1 inclu\u00eddo na lista A2 da Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Europeia e Mediterr\u00e2nica de Prote\u00e7\u00e3o das Plantas (OEPP) e no anexo II do Regulamento de Execu\u00e7\u00e3o (UE) 2019\/2072 como praga de quarentena da Uni\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Este agente patog\u00e9nico surgiu pela primeira vez na Europa em 1999, mais concretamente em Portugal, o que levou \u00e0 declara\u00e7\u00e3o de todo o seu territ\u00f3rio continental como \u00e1rea demarcada em 2008 (Mota et al., 2009). Foi detectado pela primeira vez em Espanha em 2008 (Robertson et al., 2011), estando atualmente a sua presen\u00e7a limitada \u00e0s regi\u00f5es lim\u00edtrofes de Portugal: Salamanca, C\u00e1ceres e sul da Galiza. A legisla\u00e7\u00e3o da Uni\u00e3o Europeia, nomeadamente a Decis\u00e3o de Execu\u00e7\u00e3o 2012\/535\/UE da Comiss\u00e3o (a seguir designada por Decis\u00e3o), estabeleceu \u00e1reas demarcadas nestes territ\u00f3rios, incluindo uma zona infestada e uma zona tamp\u00e3o com um raio de 20 km.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A presen\u00e7a de B. xylophilus <\/em>foi oficialmente declarada na Galiza (Noroeste de Espanha) no final de 2010 em As Neves, Pontevedra (DOG n.\u00ba 228, 26 de novembro de 2010, p. 19.633; Abelleira et al., 2011). Posteriormente, em 2016, ocorreu uma nova dete\u00e7\u00e3o positiva em Salvaterra do Mi\u00f1o, Pontevedra, perto do positivo de 2010, que n\u00e3o alterou a \u00e1rea demarcada (DOG n.\u00ba 117, 21 de junho de 2016, p. 25643). Dois anos depois, em 2018, foram detetadas cinco novas \u00e1rvores positivas, levando a uma expans\u00e3o da \u00e1rea demarcada (DOG n.\u00ba 8, 11 de janeiro de 2019, p. 1559). Desde a sua dete\u00e7\u00e3o inicial em 2010 at\u00e9 ao in\u00edcio de 2025, a Xunta de Galicia tem vindo a desenvolver v\u00e1rios esfor\u00e7os para erradicar o NMP de acordo com as orienta\u00e7\u00f5es europeias (a Decis\u00e3o). No entanto, a \u00e1rea foi recentemente declarada zona de conten\u00e7\u00e3o, estabelecendo uma zona tamp\u00e3o de 20 km em torno da \u00e1rea previamente demarcada (DOG n.\u00ba 31, 14 de fevereiro de 2025, p. 12235; Figura 1, \u00e1rea demarcada n.\u00ba 1). Al\u00e9m disso, prospec\u00e7\u00f5es fora da zona demarcada existente em 2024 revelaram quatro amostras positivas para o NMP em quatro pinheiros em Lobios, Ourense (DOG n.\u00ba 236, 9 de dezembro de 2024, p. 64505), levando ao estabelecimento de uma nova zona demarcada na Galiza (Figura 1, zona demarcada n.\u00ba 2). Esta \u00e1rea inclui uma zona infestada com um raio de 100 m em torno das \u00e1rvores infectadas e uma zona tamp\u00e3o de 20 km, exigindo a implementa\u00e7\u00e3o de medidas de erradica\u00e7\u00e3o de acordo com o artigo 6 e o anexo I da decis\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neste contexto, no per\u00edodo da primeira apari\u00e7\u00e3o de B. xylophilus <\/em>na Galiza e para combater os poss\u00edveis danos deste agente patog\u00e9nico nos pinhais galegos, o Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Florestal de Louriz\u00e1n (Xunta de Galicia) iniciou uma linha de melhoramento gen\u00e9tico para conferir resist\u00eancia a este nem\u00e1todo dentro dos programas de melhoramento galego de Pinus pinaster <\/em>e Pinus radiata<\/em>. Dado que este agente patog\u00e9nico \u00e9 um organismo de quarentena, realizaram-se numerosos ensaios de inocula\u00e7\u00e3o em condi\u00e7\u00f5es controladas de estufa (Figura 2), avaliando gen\u00f3tipos procedentes das popula\u00e7\u00f5es de melhoramento galego de ambas as esp\u00e9cies. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a resist\u00eancia a B. xylophilus <\/em>\u00e9 heredit\u00e1ria em ambas as esp\u00e9cies, destacando-se um grupo de gen\u00f3tipos em cada caso como os mais resistentes (Men\u00e9ndez-Guti\u00e9rrez et al., 2018 e 2021). Neste contexto, seis fam\u00edlias de pais de P. pinaster <\/em>foram incorporadas no Cat\u00e1logo Nacional de Materiais de Base devido \u00e0 sua resist\u00eancia a B. xylophilus <\/em>(BOE n.\u00ba 165, 12 de junho de 2020, p. 39838), e est\u00e3o agora em produ\u00e7\u00e3o, mas <\/strong>com uma capacidade limitada de produ\u00e7\u00e3o de sementes. Consequentemente, alguns viveiros galegos, em colabora\u00e7\u00e3o com a Xunta de Galicia e a funda\u00e7\u00e3o ARUME, come\u00e7aram a clonar este material atrav\u00e9s de estacas para aumentar a disponibilidade de mudas resistentes (“Projeto GOPI\u00d1A”, https:\/\/xn--gopia-rta.gal\/es <\/a>). At\u00e9 \u00e0 data, as plantas resistentes produzidas foram plantadas pela Xunta de Galicia na \u00e1rea demarcada #1<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autores: D\u00edaz, R., Frade, S.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Refer\u00eancias:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abelleira, A., Picoaga, A., Mansilla, J.P., Aguin, O. 2011 Dete\u00e7\u00e3o de Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/em>, agente causal da doen\u00e7a da murchid\u00e3o do pinheiro em Pinus pinaster <\/em>no noroeste de Espanha. Plant Dis. 95, 776-776. Plant Dis. 95, 776\u2013776.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Men\u00e9ndez-Guti\u00e9rrez, M., Alonso, M., Toval, G., D\u00edaz, R. 2018. Teste de fam\u00edlias selecionadas de meio-sib de Pinus pinaster <\/em>para toler\u00e2ncia ao nematoide do pinheiro (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/em>). Silvicultura: um jornal internacional de pesquisa florestal, 91, 38-48.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Men\u00e9ndez-Guti\u00e9rrez, Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da varia\u00e7\u00e3o gen\u00e9tica na resist\u00eancia ao nematoide do pinheiro (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/em>) em Pinus radiata <\/em>D. Don Half-Sib Families. Forests 2021, 12, 1474.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mota, M., Braasch, H., Bravo, M. 1999. Primeiro registo de Bursaphelenchus xylophilus <\/em>em Portugal e na Europa. Nematologia, 1, 727-734.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robertson, L., Cobacho Arcos, S., Escuer, M., Santiago Merino, R., Esparrago, G., Abelleira, A., Navas, A. 2011. Incid\u00eancia do nem\u00e1todo do pinheiro Bursaphelenchus xylophilus <\/em>Steiner & Buhrer, 1934 (Nickle, 1970) em Espanha. Nematologia, 13, 755-757.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Figure 1. Mapa das zonas atualmente demarcadas na Galiza.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 2. Ensaio de inocula\u00e7\u00e3o controlada em pl\u00e2ntulas de Pinus pinaster<\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

O Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (nem\u00e1todo da madeira do pinheiro, NMP), o nem\u00e1todo que causa a doen\u00e7a da murchid\u00e3o do pinheiro, \u00e9 considerado uma amea\u00e7a muito importante para as florestas de pinheiro […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":101,"featured_media":22829,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":4,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"federated","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[333,334],"class_list":["post-22827","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archives","tag-333","tag-334"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"pt","enabled_languages":["gb","fr","es","pt"],"languages":{"gb":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCen\u00e1rio atual do nem\u00e1todo da madeira do pinheiro na Galiza (Espanha) - 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