{"id":5796,"date":"2022-03-11T09:34:52","date_gmt":"2022-03-11T08:34:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iefc.net\/?p=5796"},"modified":"2023-08-25T11:36:17","modified_gmt":"2023-08-25T09:36:17","slug":"tree-failure-during-strong-winds-measured-for-the-first-time","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/fr\/tree-failure-during-strong-winds-measured-for-the-first-time\/","title":{"rendered":"La chute d&rsquo;arbres lors de vents violents mesur\u00e9e pour la premi\u00e8re fois"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"617\" src=\"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Tree-failure-1024x617.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5797\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Tree-failure-1024x617.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Tree-failure-300x181.png 300w, https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Tree-failure-150x90.png 150w, https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Tree-failure-768x463.png 768w, https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Tree-failure.png 1087w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 1: L&rsquo;activit\u00e9 des cyclones tropicaux en 2018 montre une augmentation de l&rsquo;activit\u00e9 dans l&rsquo;Atlantique Nord. Source (Blunden and Arndt, 2019)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Les d\u00e9g\u00e2ts caus\u00e9s par le vent aux for\u00eats constituent une menace importante et croissante dans de nombreuses r\u00e9gions du monde. En particulier avec le changement climatique, on pr\u00e9voit une intensification des cyclones tropicaux avec une migration vers le nord \u00e0 des latitudes plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es (figure 1). Cela signifie que les vents intenses provenant des restes d&rsquo;ouragans sont susceptibles de devenir plus fr\u00e9quents en automne dans les pays situ\u00e9s le long de la c\u00f4te atlantique et autour de la mer du Nord. En outre, il existe de plus en plus de signes de dommages caus\u00e9s aux for\u00eats et aux arbres urbains par des orages intenses et lignes de bourrasques orageuses pendant l&rsquo;\u00e9t\u00e9 en Europe centrale et orientale. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-40959863\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-40959863<\/a>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cependant, \u00e0 ce jour, personne n&rsquo;a mesur\u00e9 le processus de chute des arbres pendant une temp\u00eate intense. Cela signifie que le m\u00e9canisme de la rupture r\u00e9elle a fait l&rsquo;objet de conjectures bas\u00e9es sur des exp\u00e9riences d&rsquo;arrachage d&rsquo;arbres, des observations apr\u00e8s la temp\u00eate et des preuves vid\u00e9o. Le 1er octobre 2018, le super-typhon Trami a d\u00e9vast\u00e9 l&rsquo;\u00eele principale du Japon. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ouest-france.fr\/monde\/japon\/trami-un-nouveau-super-typhon-frappe-le-japon-et-fait-des-blesses-5992961\">https:\/\/www.ouest-france.fr\/monde\/japon\/trami-un-nouveau-super-typhon-frappe-le-japon-et-fait-des-blesses-5992961<\/a>). Par chance, un coll\u00e8gue japonais, le Dr Kana Kamimura de l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 Shinshu, au Japon, surveillait les mouvements et les charges du vent sur un certain nombre d&rsquo;arbres <em>cryptomeria japonica<\/em> g\u00e9n\u00e9tiquement similaires dans une parcelle non \u00e9claircie et une parcelle \u00e9claircie. Un certain nombre d&rsquo;arbres se sont bris\u00e9s pendant la temp\u00eate, mais seulement dans la parcelle r\u00e9cemment \u00e9claircie (\u00e9claircie l&rsquo;ann\u00e9e pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente) et, \u00e9tonnamment, malgr\u00e9 les vents intenses et les dommages caus\u00e9s aux arbres, des donn\u00e9es ont \u00e9t\u00e9 disponibles pour 20 arbres dans la parcelle non \u00e9claircie et 9 arbres dans la parcelle \u00e9claircie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Video of the research plots recorded after damage from super typhoon Trami\" width=\"525\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/5ZjQOQC-kN0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Aujourd&rsquo;hui, apr\u00e8s une analyse approfondie et la r\u00e9solution de probl\u00e8mes dus \u00e0 la perte de donn\u00e9es pendant la temp\u00eate, un article documentant le comportement des arbres pendant le typhon et le m\u00e9canisme exact de d\u00e9faillance a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9 dans la prestigieuse revue Science Advances avec des auteurs japonais (Kana Kamimura, Kazuki Nanko, Asako Matsumoto, Saneyoshi Ueno), fran\u00e7ais (Barry Gardiner) et britanniques (James Gardiner) (Kamimura et al., 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le message cl\u00e9 de cet article est que les arbres sont vuln\u00e9rables imm\u00e9diatement apr\u00e8s une \u00e9claircie en raison de la suppression de ses voisins. Ces voisins augmentent la \u00ab\u00a0rigidit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb et l&rsquo;amortissement de l&rsquo;arbre concern\u00e9 en raison du choc presque continu des couronnes dans la parcelle non \u00e9claircie (https:\/\/youtu.be\/pW9oMKlmcG8), qui r\u00e9duit la force du vent transmise par la tige dans le syst\u00e8me racine\/sol. Cependant, dans la parcelle \u00e9claircie, o\u00f9 tous les voisins imm\u00e9diats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 supprim\u00e9s, les arbres sont plus libres de se d\u00e9placer et l&rsquo;amortissement des collisions est consid\u00e9rablement r\u00e9duit. Nous avons observ\u00e9 que ces arbres se d\u00e9pla\u00e7aient de mani\u00e8re erratique et, suite \u00e0 une augmentation rapide de la vitesse du vent \u00e0 mesure que la temp\u00eate s&rsquo;intensifiait, ces arbres ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 s&rsquo;incliner de plus en plus loin de leur position initiale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Animation of derived tree displacements for damaged tree S14 during typhoon Trami\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/-qWwOaR8b8g?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Certains arbres ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9racin\u00e9s et sont tomb\u00e9s, mais m\u00eame les arbres non endommag\u00e9s de la parcelle \u00e9claircie sont rest\u00e9s l\u00e9g\u00e8rement pench\u00e9s apr\u00e8s le passage du typhon. En revanche, tous les arbres de la parcelle non \u00e9claircie sont revenus \u00e0 leur position initiale. Le renversement des arbres endommag\u00e9s n&rsquo;a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 imm\u00e9diat et s&rsquo;est d\u00e9roul\u00e9 sur une p\u00e9riode d&rsquo;une \u00e0 deux heures. Certains arbres \u00e9taient endommag\u00e9s par de multiples petites racines et le processus d&rsquo;endommagement a \u00e9t\u00e9 relativement lent. Pour d&rsquo;autres arbres, il y a des preuves \u00e9videntes de dommages importants \u00e0 la racine d\u00e8s le d\u00e9but de la p\u00e9riode de vents intenses et le processus de rupture a \u00e9t\u00e9 plus rapide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The lesson for forest management from this study is that the interaction of tree crowns in the forest canopy is crucial for the stability of trees during strong winds. Any disturbance to the forest that reduces this crown interaction, such as thinning, immediately reduces the stability of the trees. With time the crown will grow and the trees will adjust to their new wind environment by increasing their root size and stem diameter (D\u00e8fossez et al., 2021; Nicoll et al., 2019). After this adjustment these thinned trees will <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La le\u00e7on \u00e0 tirer de cette \u00e9tude pour la gestion foresti\u00e8re est que l&rsquo;interaction des couronnes des arbres dans la canop\u00e9e de la for\u00eat est cruciale pour leur stabilit\u00e9 en cas de vents forts. Toute perturbation de la for\u00eat qui r\u00e9duit cette interaction des couronnes, comme les \u00e9claircies, r\u00e9duit imm\u00e9diatement la stabilit\u00e9 des arbres. Avec le temps, la couronne va cro\u00eetre et les arbres vont s&rsquo;adapter \u00e0 leur nouvel environnement \u00e9olien en augmentant la taille de leurs racines et le diam\u00e8tre de leur tige (D\u00e8fossez et al., 2021 ; Nicoll et al., 2019). Apr\u00e8s cet ajustement, ces arbres \u00e9claircis deviendront plus stables que les arbres non \u00e9claircis (Mason et Valinger, 2013). L&rsquo;importance de l&rsquo;interaction entre les couronnes peut \u00e9galement \u00eatre la raison pour laquelle les peuplements irr\u00e9guliers sont plus stables (Mason, 2002 ; Pukkala et al., 2016) et pourquoi l&rsquo;\u00e9claircie s\u00e9lective est une option plus judicieuse dans les r\u00e9gions au climat venteux ou pour les peuplements forestiers dont les arbres sont suffisamment grands pour \u00eatre vuln\u00e9rables aux dommages caus\u00e9s par le vent (Kerr et Haufe, 2011 ; Pommerening et Murphy, 2004).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Barry Gardiner<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>IEFC, Pierroton<\/em><em>17 February 2022<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Blunden, J., Arndt, D.S., 2019. State of the Climate in 2018. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 100. https:\/\/doi.org\/doi:10.1175\/2019BAMSStateoftheClimate.1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00e8fossez, P., Rajaonalison, F., Bosc, A., 2021. How wind acclimation impacts Pinus pinaster growth in comparison to resource availability. For. An Int. J. For. Res. 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/forestry\/cpab028<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kamimura, K., Nanko, K., Matsumoto, A., Ueno, S., Gardiner, J., Gardiner, B., 2022. Tree dynamic response and survival in a category-5 tropical cyclone\u202f: The case of super typhoon Trami. Sci. Adv. 8, 1\u201311.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kerr, G., Haufe, J., 2011. Thinning Practice: A Silvicultural Guide. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mason, B., Valinger, E., 2013. Managing forests to reduce storm damage, in: Gardiner, B., Schuck, A., Schelhaas, M.-J., Orazio, C., Blennow, K., Nicoll, B. (Eds.), Living with Storm Damage to Forests: What Science Can Tell Us. European Forest Institute, pp. 89\u201398.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mason, W.L., 2002. Are irregular stands more windfirm\u202f? 75.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nicoll, B.C., Connolly, T., Gardiner, B.A., 2019. Changes in spruce growth and biomass allocation following thinning and guying treatments. Forests 10, 253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f10030253<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pommerening, A., Murphy, S.T., 2004. A review of the history, definitions and methods of continuous cover forestry with special attention to afforestation and restocking. Forestry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/forestry\/77.1.27<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pukkala, T., Laiho, O., L\u00e4hde, E., 2016. Continuous cover management reduces wind damage. For. Ecol. Manage. 372, 120\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foreco.2016.04.014<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Les d\u00e9g\u00e2ts caus\u00e9s par le vent aux for\u00eats constituent une menace importante et croissante dans de nombreuses r\u00e9gions du monde. En particulier avec le changement climatique, on pr\u00e9voit une intensification [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":101,"featured_media":5797,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":4,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[237,230],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5796","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-abiotic","category-risk-management"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"fr","enabled_languages":["gb","fr","es","pt"],"languages":{"gb":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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