{"id":4950,"date":"2021-05-25T12:55:20","date_gmt":"2021-05-25T10:55:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iefc.net\/?p=4950"},"modified":"2023-08-25T11:36:33","modified_gmt":"2023-08-25T09:36:33","slug":"europe-is-entering-the-age-of-the-bioeconomy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/fr\/europe-is-entering-the-age-of-the-bioeconomy\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019Europe entre dans l\u2019\u00e8re de la bio\u00e9conomie"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Deux articles r\u00e9cents dans Nature, Abrupt increase in harvested forest area over Europe after 2015<\/a> (Ceccherini et coll., 2020) \u00a0et Concerns about harvested area and biomass loss in European forests<\/a> (Palah\u00ed et coll., 2021) ont ouvert un d\u00e9bat important sur la bio\u00e9conomie foresti\u00e8re en Europe et son impact sur la r\u00e9colte foresti\u00e8re. Ce qui est clair, c\u2019est que la r\u00e9colte foresti\u00e8re a augment\u00e9 de 6% ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es\u00a0 (FAOSTAT, 2019) et\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 non de 69% comme le rapporte Ceccherini et coll. (2020). Les diff\u00e9rences d\u2019estimation\u00a0 sont dues\u00a0 \u00e0 un certain nombre de facteurs qui, ensemble, signifient que les pr\u00e9dictions\u00a0 de\u00a0 Ceccherini et coll. (2020) sont fausses sont dommageables:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. L\u2019une des erreurs les plus importantes dans les pr\u00e9dictions est due \u00e0 la sensibilit\u00e9 croissante\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 des algorithmes de d\u00e9tection des satellites et\u00a0 des perturbations depuis 2015. Cette pr\u00e9cision accrue signifie que de nombreuses petites exploitations foresti\u00e8res, comme les\u00a0 \u00e9claircies et les petites coupes, sont maintenant compt\u00e9es dans les r\u00e9coltes alors qu\u2019elles n\u2019avaient pas \u00e9t\u00e9 prise en compte avant 2015. Cette diff\u00e9rence de capacit\u00e9 de d\u00e9tection se traduit par une augmentation soudaine des niveaux de pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement post 2015, alors que ce n\u2019est que la qualit\u00e9 de la donn\u00e9e qui change et non la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 des pr\u00e9l\u00e8vements. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. L\u2019article initial pr\u00e9sentait de nombreux cas de prise en compte erron\u00e9e des perturbations. De nombreuses perturbations ayant affect\u00e9 de larges \u00e9tendues de for\u00eats europ\u00e9ennes au cours de la p\u00e9riode post 2015 induites par les temp\u00eates, la processionnaire du pin ou les attaques de scolytes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 attribu\u00e9es \u00e0 tort \u00e0\u00a0 l\u2019activit\u00e9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 humaine et ont artificiellement gonfl\u00e9 les estimations de la r\u00e9colte foresti\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. La m\u00e9thodologie de cartographie du changement en comptant les pixels individuels dans les donn\u00e9es satellitaires et en additionnant tous les pixels d\u00e9sign\u00e9s comme perturbation pour calculer la zone totale manque de rigueur statistique et\u00a0 peut\u00a0 conduire \u00e0 \u00a0des estimations biais\u00e9es.\u00a0\u00a0 Une\u00a0 m\u00e9thodologie d\u2019\u00e9chantillonnage stratifi\u00e9e\u00a0 appropri\u00e9e (Olofsson et coll., 2013) devrait \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e pour \u00e9viter \u00e0 la fois les erreurs d\u2019omission (faux n\u00e9gatifs) et les erreurs d\u2019inclusion (faux positifs).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l\u2019ensemble, ces\nfacteurs  ont donn\u00e9    l\u2019impression fausse que la r\u00e9colte en\nEurope a augment\u00e9 de fa\u00e7on spectaculaire depuis 2015. Il a \u00e9galement  conduit \nCeccherini et coll.  (2020) \u00e0 attribuer \nce changement apparent aux politiques de \nl\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne promouvant l\u2019utilisation du bois en tant que source d\u2019\u00e9nergie\nsans aucune preuve  \u00e0 l\u2019appui de cette\nconclusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9bat a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 un\ncertain nombre de points importants:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. La mesure et la surveillance de l\u2019\u00e9tat des for\u00eats\u00a0 europ\u00e9ennes\u00a0 sont plus n\u00e9cessaires que jamais. En particulier, il est particuli\u00e8rement important que nous adoptions une approche coh\u00e9rente de la surveillance des for\u00eats dans toute l\u2019Europe\u00a0 (Tomppo et Schadauer, 2008)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Les donn\u00e9es de t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection doivent toujours \u00eatre v\u00e9rifi\u00e9es avec d\u2019autres donn\u00e9es telles que des mesures au sol ou des statistiques foresti\u00e8res nationales (Wernick et coll., 2021). \u00a0L\u2019utilisation de donn\u00e9es de t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection sans corroborer les preuves induit \u00e0 la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019erreurs dues \u00e0 une mauvaise interpr\u00e9tation des donn\u00e9es ou \u00e0 un biais d\u2019\u00e9chantillonnage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Les for\u00eats plant\u00e9es\ncontinueront de fournir une quantit\u00e9 croissante de bois et d\u2019autres mati\u00e8res\npremi\u00e8res foresti\u00e8res au secteur industriel europ\u00e9en, tout en contribuant aux\nobjectifs d\u2019att\u00e9nuation  du climat\nde  l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne  (Commission europ\u00e9enne, 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. La demande de mat\u00e9riaux \u00e0 base de bois augmentera \u00e0 mesure que la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 s\u2019avancera vers une \u00e9conomie plus d\u00e9pendante de la production durable et accrue de mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res \u00a0d\u2019origine v\u00e9g\u00e9tale : \u00a0l’\u00ab\u00e9conomie verte \u00bb.\u00a0 Les for\u00eats en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral et les for\u00eats plant\u00e9es en particulier offrent l\u2019une des rares options de pour r\u00e9pondre simultan\u00e9ment \u00e0 la demande de mati\u00e8re premi\u00e8re et \u00e0 la \u00a0n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019att\u00e9nuer les impacts du changement climatique\u00a0 (Gardiner et Moore, 2014). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00f4le des for\u00eats plant\u00e9es \u00e0 objectif de \u00a0production devient de plus en plus important dans l\u2019\u00e9conomie europ\u00e9enne, aujourd\u2019hui\u00a0 et \u00e0 l\u2019avenir. Malgr\u00e9 les inqui\u00e9tudes concernant les impacts des for\u00eats plant\u00e9es sur la biodiversit\u00e9 et leur vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 aux diff\u00e9rents dangers, il est clair qu\u2019avec\u00a0 une planification minutieuse et des pratiques de gestion appropri\u00e9es, il est possible d\u2019augmenter la superficie et la production des for\u00eats plant\u00e9es (Larsen et coll., 2017) tout en agissant favorablement pour l\u2019environnement et \u00e0 des niveaux de risque r\u00e9duits (Jactel et coll., 2017). La cl\u00e9 est une bonne compr\u00e9hension des interactions complexes entre les for\u00eats, la gestion, le climat, l\u2019environnement et\u00a0 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9. L\u2019IEFC est dans une position unique pour aider \u00e0\u00a0 d\u00e9velopper cette compr\u00e9hension gr\u00e2ce \u00e0\u00a0 son\u00a0 solide r\u00e9seau de partenaires et \u00e0 son lien direct avec les acteurs du secteur for\u00eat bois.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

par: Barry Gardiner (IEFC)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Photo par Thomas Lambert, Unsplash<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ceccherini, G., Duveiller, G., Grassi, G., Lemoine, G.,\nAvitabile, V., Pilli, R., Cescatti, A., 2020. Abrupt increase in harvested forest area over Europe\nafter 2015. Nature 583, 72\u201377.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2438-y<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Commission, 2018.\nRegulation (EU) 2018\/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30\nMay 2018 on the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land\nuse, land use change and forestry in the 2030 climate and energy framework, and\namending Regulation. Off. J. Eur. Union 19, 1\u201325.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gardiner, B., Moore, J., 2014.\nCreating the Wood Supply of the Future, in: Fenning, T. (Ed.), Challenges and\nOpportunities for the World\u2019s Forests in the 21st Century, Forestry Sciences.\nSpringer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 687\u2013704.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-007-7076-8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jactel, H., Bauhus, J., Boberg,\nJ., Bonal, D., Castagneyrol, B., Gardiner, B., Gonzalez-Olabarria, J.R.,\nKoricheva, J., Meurisse, N., Brockerhoff, E.G., 2017. Tree diversity drives\nforest stand resistance to natural disturbances. Curr. For. Reports.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40725-017-0064-1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Larsen, S., Bentsen, N.S.,\nDalgaard, T., J\u00f8rgensen, U., Olesen, J.E., Felby, C., 2017. Possibilities for\nnear-term bioenergy production and GHG-mitigation through sustainable\nintensification of agriculture and forestry in Denmark. Environ. Res. Lett. 12.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa9001<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Olofsson, P., Foody, G.M.,\nStehman, S. V., Woodcock, C.E., 2013. Making better use of accuracy data in\nland change studies: Estimating accuracy and area and quantifying uncertainty\nusing stratified estimation. Remote Sens. Environ. 129, 122\u2013131.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rse.2012.10.031<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Palah\u00ed, M., Valbuena, R., Senf,\nC., Acil, N., Pugh, T.A.M., Sadler, J., Seidl, R., Potapov, P., Gardiner, B.,\nHetem\u00e4ki, L., Chirici, G., Francini, S., Hl\u00e1sny, T., Jan, B., Lerink, W.,\nOlsson, H., Ram\u00f3n, J., Olabarria, G., Ascoli, D., Asikainen, A., Jactel, H.,\nLindner, M., Marchetti, M., Maru\u0161\u00e1k, R., Sheil, D., Tom\u00e9, M., Trasobares, A.,\nVerkerk, P.J., Korhonen, M., 2021. Concerns about reported harvests in European\nforests. Nature 592, 15\u201317.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tomppo, E., Schadauer, K., 2008.\nCOST Action E43 Harmonisation of National Inventories in Europe\u202f: Techniques\nfor Common Reporting. Brussels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wernick, I.K., Ciais, P., Fridman,\nJ., H\u00f6gberg, P., Korhonen, K.T., From, A., Ceccherini, G., 2021. Quantifying\nforest change in the European Union. Nature 592, 13\u201314.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Un d\u00e9bat important sur la bio\u00e9conomie foresti\u00e8re en Europe et son impact sur la r\u00e9colte foresti\u00e8re. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":101,"featured_media":4951,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":4,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[108],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4950","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bioeconomy"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"fr","enabled_languages":["gb","fr","es","pt"],"languages":{"gb":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nL\u2019Europe entre dans l\u2019\u00e8re de la bio\u00e9conomie - 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