{"id":4913,"date":"2021-04-20T13:52:13","date_gmt":"2021-04-20T11:52:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iefc.net\/?p=4913"},"modified":"2023-08-25T11:36:34","modified_gmt":"2023-08-25T09:36:34","slug":"maximizing-forest-yield-and-minimizing-climatic-risk-factors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/fr\/maximizing-forest-yield-and-minimizing-climatic-risk-factors\/","title":{"rendered":"Maximiser le rendement des for\u00eats et minimiser les facteurs de risque climatique"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Pour \u00e9laborer un plan de gestion\nforesti\u00e8re solide pour l’avenir, il est n\u00e9cessaire de comprendre les\ninteractions entre la croissance des arbres, les facteurs de risque de dommages\nlocaux et le changement climatique. Ainsi, pour aider les gestionnaires\nforestiers \u00e0 trouver un \u00e9quilibre entre la maximisation du rendement forestier\net la minimisation des risques de dommages caus\u00e9s par le vent et la neige, le\nprojet MARCSMAN ou \u00ab\u00a0Maximisation de la r\u00e9silience et de la s\u00e9questration\ndu carbone dans les for\u00eats d’\u00e9pic\u00e9as g\u00e9r\u00e9es en Norvege, dirig\u00e9 par le NIBIO\n(Norsk Institutt for Bio\u00f8konomi) ou l\u2019Institut norv\u00e9gien de bio\u00e9conomie, a \u00e9t\u00e9\nlanc\u00e9 d\u00e9but 2020 et doit se poursuivre jusqu’\u00e0 la fin de 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La gestion durable des for\u00eats\njoue un r\u00f4le essentiel dans les strat\u00e9gies d’att\u00e9nuation du climat. Cela\ns’explique par le potentiel de s\u00e9questration du carbone des for\u00eats et par le\nfait qu’elles fournissent des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res pouvant se substituer \u00e0 des\nmat\u00e9riaux dont l’empreinte carbone est plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans certains pays, comme en\nNorv\u00e8ge, la temp\u00e9rature moyenne devrait augmenter davantage que la moyenne\nmondiale, et les conditions de croissance des for\u00eats devraient donc changer\nconsid\u00e9rablement vers la fin du 21e si\u00e8cle (Tveito 2014). Si ces changements\npeuvent \u00eatre b\u00e9n\u00e9fiques pour la croissance des plantations d\u2019\u00e9pic\u00e9a dans la\nmajeure partie de la Norv\u00e8ge, le changement climatique peut \u00e9galement rendre les\nfor\u00eats plus sujettes aux dommages biotiques et abiotiques. Une temp\u00e9rature\nfavorable peut augmenter la productivit\u00e9 et faire en sorte que les arbres\natteignent plus t\u00f4t la hauteur critique, devenant ainsi plus vuln\u00e9rables aux\ndommages caus\u00e9s par le vent. Avec le r\u00e9chauffement du climat, la diminution du\ngel du sol et l’augmentation des sols humides en hiver peuvent rendre les\narbres plus sensibles au d\u00e9racinement (Kamimura et al. 2021). En outre, la\nfr\u00e9quence croissante des fortes pr\u00e9cipitations pendant les hivers doux devrait\naugmenter la charge de neige sur les arbres dans certaines r\u00e9gions (Tveito\n2014). Par cons\u00e9quent, le risque de chablis importants et de bris de neige,\npeut potentiellement annuler le gain de productivit\u00e9 li\u00e9 aux conditions de croissance\nfavorables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En Europe, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 estim\u00e9 que\nles chablis ont caus\u00e9 environ 50% de tous les dommages forestiers sur une\np\u00e9riode de 50 ans (Schelhaas et al. 2003). Comme pour la temp\u00eate Gudrun dans le\nsud de la Su\u00e8de en 2005, les pertes \u00e9conomiques directes et indirectes ont \u00e9t\u00e9\nestim\u00e9es \u00e0 bien plus de 2 milliards d’euros (Gardiner et al. 2010). Par\ncons\u00e9quent, m\u00eame une l\u00e9g\u00e8re r\u00e9duction de la gravit\u00e9 des dommages caus\u00e9s par les\nchablis ou les bris de neige dans les peuplements d’\u00e9pic\u00e9as entra\u00eenera des avantages\n\u00e9conomiques consid\u00e9rables pour le secteur forestier. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La probabilit\u00e9 de tels dommages d\u00e9pend du climat local, des conditions du site et de la topographie, ainsi que des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s des arbres qui sont largement d\u00e9termin\u00e9es par la densit\u00e9, telles que leur coefficient d’\u00e9lancement, la taille de leur couronne et la taille et l’architecture de leurs racines. Par cons\u00e9quent, pour maximiser le potentiel biologique d’une for\u00eat afin de capturer autant de carbone que possible et, en m\u00eame temps, maintenir et\/ou augmenter la r\u00e9silience des peuplements forestiers, une gestion appropri\u00e9e de la densit\u00e9, adapt\u00e9e aux conditions topographiques locales et aux facteurs de risque climatique, est cruciale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MARCSMAN<\/a> vise \u00e0 faciliter une estimation plus pr\u00e9cise de la productivit\u00e9 r\u00e9elle, de l’\u00e9quilibre entre la r\u00e9silience et potentiel de s\u00e9questration du carbone des for\u00eats norv\u00e9giennes dans un climat changeant. Le projet vise \u00e9galement \u00e0 fournir aux gestionnaires\/propri\u00e9taires de for\u00eats et aux autres parties prenantes du secteur forestier des outils permettant de r\u00e9duire le risque de pertes catastrophiques dues \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9nements climatiques extr\u00eames. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, les partenaires du projet appliqueront une combinaison d’approches traditionnelles et nouvelles, allant de la mod\u00e9lisation empirique, bas\u00e9e sur de vastes ensembles de donn\u00e9es provenant d’essais sur le terrain \u00e0 long terme et d’inventaires de peuplements, \u00e0 l’utilisation d’analyses de donn\u00e9es avanc\u00e9es d\u00e9riv\u00e9es de plateformes de t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection et de nouveaux outils d’apprentissage automatique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les r\u00e9sultats du projet serviront\nainsi de base de connaissances et de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour une future g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation,\net favoriseront les discussions entre les parties prenantes sur la mani\u00e8re de\ng\u00e9rer les for\u00eats de mani\u00e8re optimale pour la s\u00e9questration du carbone et la\ncr\u00e9ation de valeur tout en r\u00e9duisant l’impact n\u00e9gatif du changement climatique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

par : Hubert COSICO\n(IEFC)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La gestion durable des for\u00eats joue un r\u00f4le essentiel dans les strat\u00e9gies d’att\u00e9nuation du climat. Cela s’explique par le potentiel de s\u00e9questration du carbone des for\u00eats et par le fait qu’elles fournissent des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res pouvant se substituer \u00e0 des mat\u00e9riaux dont l’empreinte carbone est plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":101,"featured_media":4919,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":4,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[231,232,243,233,230],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4913","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change","category-adaptation","category-ecosystem-services","category-mitigation","category-risk-management"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"fr","enabled_languages":["gb","fr","es","pt"],"languages":{"gb":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":true}}},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMaximiser le rendement des for\u00eats et minimiser les facteurs de risque climatique - 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