{"id":3439,"date":"2020-04-10T16:50:50","date_gmt":"2020-04-10T14:50:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iefc.net\/?p=3439"},"modified":"2023-08-25T11:37:22","modified_gmt":"2023-08-25T09:37:22","slug":"genetics-to-the-rescue","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/fr\/genetics-to-the-rescue\/","title":{"rendered":"La g\u00e9n\u00e9tique \u00e0 la rescousse"},"content":{"rendered":"

G\u00e9rer durablement les for\u00eats dans un monde en mutation – Une conf\u00e9rence pour conclure GenTree
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Membres du projet GENTREE devant l’Universit\u00e9 d’Avignon
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

Le projet GENTREE<\/a>, d\u2019une dur\u00e9e de quatre ans, visait \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer la gestion des ressources g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques foresti\u00e8res, par une meilleure connaissance de la diversit\u00e9 existante et la caract\u00e9risation du mat\u00e9riel g\u00e9n\u00e9tique disponible.<\/p>\n

Ce travail servira \u00e0 planifier la conservation des ressources g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques au niveau europ\u00e9en et \u00e0 soutenir les programmes de s\u00e9lection. L\u2019essentiel des efforts a \u00e9t\u00e9 consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chantillonnage d\u2019ADN et d\u2019informations ph\u00e9nologiques d\u2019esp\u00e8ces d\u2019arbres communes pr\u00e9sentant un int\u00e9r\u00eat dans toute l\u2019Europe\u00a0: Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris, Populus nigra, Quercus petraea, Abies alba, Pinus cembra, Pinus halepensis, Pinus nigra et Taxus baccata<\/em>. La plupart des pr\u00e9sentations faites lors de la conf\u00e9rence finale visaient \u00e0 identifier la capacit\u00e9 de diverses esp\u00e8ces\/provenances\/familles \u00e0 faire face au climat futur en supposant qu\u2019il soit plus sec et\/ou plus chaud.<\/p>\n

Durant son discours d\u2019ouverture, le coordinateur du projet, Bruno Fady, a rappel\u00e9 que la diversit\u00e9 est une composante cl\u00e9 de la r\u00e9silience des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes forestiers et qu\u2019il est n\u00e9cessaire de l\u2019\u00e9valuer non seulement entre esp\u00e8ces mais aussi au sein des populations d\u2019esp\u00e8ces d\u2019arbres.<\/p>\n

De nombreuses \u00e9tudes g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques portant sur toutes les esp\u00e8ces list\u00e9es pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment ont conclu \u00e0 la complexit\u00e9 des d\u00e9terminants g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques expliquant la capacit\u00e9 d\u2019adaptation d\u2019arbres individuels\u00a0; parall\u00e8lement il existe une grande partie du g\u00e9nome, avec de nombreux loci impliqu\u00e9s dans les processus expliquant la bonne capacit\u00e9 d\u2019adaptation des individus, cependant, la plasticit\u00e9 et les caract\u00e9ristiques des sites \u00e9tudi\u00e9s peuvent rendre l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation des observations tr\u00e8s complexe. Par cons\u00e9quent, le lien entre la diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique et la capacit\u00e9 d\u2019adaptation n\u2019est pas toujours \u00e9vident. Par exemple, une \u00e9tude grecque analysant des \u00e9chantillons de toutes les esp\u00e8ces de GENTREE, conclut que le Pinus pinea qui a la diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique la plus restreinte est l\u2019esp\u00e8ce la plus plastique sur l\u2019important gradient climatique \u00e9tudi\u00e9. Certaines \u00e9tudes ont \u00e9galement confirm\u00e9 que la structure g\u00e9n\u00e9tique de la population \u00e9tait influenc\u00e9e par la vitesse et la voie de recolonisation apr\u00e8s les glaciations mais aussi par une forte h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 locale des sites, en particulier dans les zones montagneuses o\u00f9 les sites chauds et secs expos\u00e9s au sud peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s pour s\u00e9lectionner des populations int\u00e9ressantes.<\/p>\n

En ce qui concerne la r\u00e9sistance aux maladies biotiques, un expos\u00e9 centr\u00e9 sur le fr\u00eane a conclu qu’un enrichissement assist\u00e9 de la population avec des semis de g\u00e9notypes tol\u00e9rants pourrait am\u00e9liorer de mani\u00e8re significative la r\u00e9sistance des peuplements touch\u00e9s par le d\u00e9p\u00e9rissement du fr\u00eane.<\/p>\n

Une \u00e9tude bas\u00e9e sur l’IFN et men\u00e9e par A. Changenet sur la mortalit\u00e9 des arbres a montr\u00e9 que pour toutes les esp\u00e8ces, les d\u00e9g\u00e2ts les plus importants se situaient \u00e0 la limite de l’aire de r\u00e9partition, mais qu’ils \u00e9taient n\u00e9anmoins pr\u00e9sents dans toute l’aire de r\u00e9partition des esp\u00e8ces, remettant en question la th\u00e9orie d’une simple disparition des esp\u00e8ces \u00e0 la limite sud.<\/p>\n

Un des groupes de t\u00e2ches du projet \u00e9tait davantage ax\u00e9 sur les mesures adopt\u00e9es dans les pays pour \u00e9valuer la perception et le b\u00e9n\u00e9fice du travail effectu\u00e9 dans le domaine de la g\u00e9n\u00e9tique pour la soci\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Marcus Lindner a fait une pr\u00e9sentation montrant que les acteurs ont une faible connaissance de toutes les mesures soutenant l’adaptation dans leur pays et que lorsqu’il y a une certaine connaissance, les mesures sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme insuffisantes. Il conclut en disant que pour une adaptation r\u00e9ussie des for\u00eats europ\u00e9ennes au changement climatique, une meilleure compr\u00e9hension du lien entre les pratiques de gestion et les dynamiques des ressources g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques foresti\u00e8res dans le cadre du changement climatique est n\u00e9cessaire. Cette compr\u00e9hension doit \u00eatre communiqu\u00e9e aux acteurs et aux d\u00e9cideurs \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents niveaux, des services de gestion foresti\u00e8re pratique \u00e0 la mise en \u0153uvre des politiques nationales.<\/p>\n

Le dernier expos\u00e9 \u00e9tait un sujet propos\u00e9 par le personnel de l’IEFC et avait pour but d’\u00e9valuer le profit \u00e9conomique induit par le gain g\u00e9n\u00e9tique afin de d\u00e9montrer la forte valeur ajout\u00e9e des programmes de s\u00e9lection pour les propri\u00e9taires forestiers. Dans toute l’Europe, on observe sur le pin sylvestre et le pin maritime, gr\u00e2ce aux programmes de s\u00e9lection, des gains g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques allant de 7 \u00e0 40% sur la croissance. Mais en calculant ce gain sur la longueur de rotation, le revenu \u00e9conomique augmente beaucoup plus : jusqu’\u00e0 60 ou 160% selon les sites et les strat\u00e9gies de gestion consid\u00e9r\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

Toutes les vid\u00e9os des pr\u00e9sentations sont en ligne<\/a>, tout comme les posters<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Auteur de l’article : Christophe Orazio (IEFC)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

G\u00e9rer durablement les for\u00eats dans un monde en mutation – Une conf\u00e9rence pour conclure GenTree Membres du projet GENTREE devant l’Universit\u00e9 d’Avignon Le projet GENTREE, d\u2019une dur\u00e9e de quatre ans, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3454,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":4,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1,231,229,232,241,27],"tags":[18,105,11,26,114,110,23,111,115,102,24,12,22,109,101,112,103,25,13,19,20,21,14,15,99,100,116,113,104],"class_list":["post-3439","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archives","category-climate-change","category-genetic-ressources","category-adaptation","category-breeding","category-iefc-newsletter","tag-abies-alba","tag-amelioration","tag-betula-pendula","tag-breeding","tag-conservacao","tag-conservacion","tag-conservation","tag-diversidad","tag-diversidade","tag-diversite","tag-diversity","tag-fagus-sylvatica","tag-genetic","tag-genetica","tag-genetique","tag-microeconomia","tag-microeconomie","tag-microeconomy","tag-picea-abies","tag-pinus-cembra","tag-pinus-halepensis","tag-pinus-nigra-and-taxus-baccata","tag-pinus-pinaster","tag-pinus-sylvestris","tag-populus-nigra","tag-quercus-petraea","tag-seleccao","tag-seleccion","tag-selection"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"fr","enabled_languages":["gb","fr","es","pt"],"languages":{"gb":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLa g\u00e9n\u00e9tique \u00e0 la rescousse - 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