{"id":22827,"date":"2025-06-10T15:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-06-10T13:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/?p=22827"},"modified":"2025-06-10T10:31:31","modified_gmt":"2025-06-10T08:31:31","slug":"current-scenario-of-the-pine-wood-nematode-in-galicia-spain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/fr\/current-scenario-of-the-pine-wood-nematode-in-galicia-spain\/","title":{"rendered":"Situation actuelle du n\u00e9matode du pin en Galice (Espagne)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus <\/em>(N\u00e9matode du Pin, PWN), le n\u00e9matode qui cause la maladie du fl\u00e9trissement du pin (PWD), est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une menace tr\u00e8s importante pour les for\u00eats de pins europ\u00e9ennes. Il figure sur la liste A2 de l’Organisation europ\u00e9enne et m\u00e9diterran\u00e9enne pour la protection des plantes (OEPP) et \u00e0 l’annexe II du r\u00e8glement d’ex\u00e9cution (UE) 2019\/2072 en tant qu’organisme de quarantaine de l’Union.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ce pathog\u00e8ne est apparu pour la premi\u00e8re fois en Europe en 1999, plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment au Portugal, ce qui a conduit \u00e0 la d\u00e9claration de l’ensemble du territoire continental en tant que zone d\u00e9limit\u00e9e en 2008 (Mota et al., 2009). Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9tect\u00e9 pour la premi\u00e8re fois en Espagne en 2008 (Robertson et al., 2011), sa pr\u00e9sence \u00e9tant actuellement limit\u00e9e aux r\u00e9gions limitrophes du Portugal : Salamanque, C\u00e1ceres et le sud de la Galice. La l\u00e9gislation de l’Union europ\u00e9enne, en particulier la d\u00e9cision d’ex\u00e9cution 2012\/535\/UE de la Commission (ci-apr\u00e8s la d\u00e9cision), a \u00e9tabli des zones dde demarcation dans ces territoires, comprenant la zone infest\u00e9e et une zone tampon d’un rayon de 20 km.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La pr\u00e9sence de B. xylophilus <\/em>a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement d\u00e9clar\u00e9e en Galicie (nord-ouest de l’Espagne) fin 2010 \u00e0 As Neves, Pontevedra (DOG no. 228, 26 novembre 2010, p. 19.633 ; Abelleira et al., 2011). Par la suite, une nouvelle d\u00e9tection positive a eu lieu en 2016 \u00e0 Salvaterra do Mi\u00f1o, Pontevedra, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 de la d\u00e9tection positive de 2010, qui n’a pas modifi\u00e9 la zone d\u00e9limit\u00e9e (DOG n\u00b0 117, 21 juin 2016, p. 25643). Deux ans plus tard, en 2018, cinq nouveaux arbres positifs ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9tect\u00e9s, entra\u00eenant une extension de la zone d\u00e9limit\u00e9e (DOG n\u00b0 8, 11 janvier 2019, p. 1559). Depuis sa d\u00e9tection initiale en 2010 jusqu’au d\u00e9but de 2025, la Xunta de Galicia a entrepris divers efforts pour \u00e9radiquer le n\u00e9matode du pin conform\u00e9ment aux lignes directrices europ\u00e9ennes . Cependant, la zone a r\u00e9cemment \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9clar\u00e9e zone de confinement, \u00e9tablissant une zone tampon de 20 km autour de la zone pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment d\u00e9limit\u00e9e (DOG n\u00b0 31, 14 f\u00e9vrier 2025, p. 12235 ; Figure 1, zone d\u00e9limit\u00e9e n\u00b0 1). En outre, des enqu\u00eates men\u00e9es en 2024 en dehors de la zone d\u00e9limit\u00e9e existante ont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 quatre \u00e9chantillons positifs au n\u00e9matode du pin provenant de quatre pins \u00e0 Lobios, Ourense (DOG n\u00b0 236, 9 d\u00e9cembre 2024, p. 64505), ce qui a conduit \u00e0 l’\u00e9tablissement d’une nouvelle zone d\u00e9limit\u00e9e en Galice (Figure 1, zone d\u00e9limit\u00e9e n\u00b0 2). Cette zone comprend une zone infest\u00e9e avec un rayon de 100 m autour des arbres infect\u00e9s et une zone tampon de 20 km, n\u00e9cessitant la mise en \u0153uvre de mesures d’\u00e9radication conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l’article 6 et \u00e0 l’annexe I de la d\u00e9cision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans ce contexte, d\u00e8s la premi\u00e8re apparition de B. xylophilus <\/em>en Galice pour lutter contre les d\u00e9g\u00e2ts potentiels de ce pathog\u00e8ne dans les pin\u00e8des galiciennes, le Centre de recherche foresti\u00e8re de Louriz\u00e1n (Xunta de Galicia) a lanc\u00e9 une ligne d’am\u00e9lioration g\u00e9n\u00e9tique pour conf\u00e9rer une r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 ce n\u00e9matode au sein des programmes de s\u00e9lection galiciens pour Pinus pinaster <\/em>et Pinus radiata<\/em>. \u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que ce pathog\u00e8ne est un organisme de quarantaine, de nombreux essais d’inoculation ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9s dans des conditions de serre contr\u00f4l\u00e9es (figure 2), en \u00e9valuant les g\u00e9notypes des populations de s\u00e9lection galiciennes des deux esp\u00e8ces. Les r\u00e9sultats obtenus ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que la r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 B. xylophilus <\/em>est h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaire chez les deux esp\u00e8ces, un groupe de g\u00e9notypes se distinguant dans chaque cas comme \u00e9tant le plus r\u00e9sistant (Men\u00e9ndez-Guti\u00e9rrez et al., 2018 et 2021). Dans ce contexte, six parents de familles de P. pinaster <\/em>ont \u00e9t\u00e9 incorpor\u00e9s au Catalogue national des mat\u00e9riels de base en raison de leur r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 B. xylophilus <\/em>(BOE n\u00ba 165, 12 juin 2020, p. 39838), et sont d\u00e9sormais en production, mais avec une capacit\u00e9 de production de semences limit\u00e9e. Par cons\u00e9quent, certaines p\u00e9pini\u00e8res galiciennes, en collaboration avec la Xunta de Galicia et la fondation ARUME, ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 cloner ce mat\u00e9riel par le biais de boutures afin d’augmenter la disponibilit\u00e9 de plants r\u00e9sistants (\u00ab\u00a0projet GOPI\u00d1A\u00a0\u00bb, https:\/\/xn--gopia-rta.gal\/es<\/a>). \u00c0 ce jour, les plantes r\u00e9sistantes produites ont \u00e9t\u00e9 plant\u00e9es par la Xunta de Galicia dans la zone d\u00e9limit\u00e9e n\u00b0 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Authors: D\u00edaz, R., Frade, S.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00e9f\u00e9rences :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abelleira, A., Picoaga, A., Mansilla, J.P., Aguin, O. 2011 Detection of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/em>, causal agent of Pine Wilt Disease on Pinus pinaster <\/em>in northwestern Spain. Plant Dis. 95, 776-776.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Men\u00e9ndez-Guti\u00e9rrez, M., Alonso, M., Toval, G., D\u00edaz, R. 2018. Test de familles de demi-s\u00e9bis de Pinus pinaster <\/em>s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9es pour la tol\u00e9rance au n\u00e9matode du pin (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/em>). Forestry : an International Journal of Forest Research, 91, 38-48.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Men\u00e9ndez-Guti\u00e9rrez, M., Alonso, M., D\u00edaz, R. 2021. \u00c9valuation de la variation g\u00e9n\u00e9tique de la r\u00e9sistance au n\u00e9matode du pin (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/em>) dans les familles demi-fr\u00e8res de Pinus radiata <\/em>D. Don. For\u00eats 2021, 12, 1474.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mota, M., Braasch, H., Bravo, M. 1999. Premier signalement de Bursaphelenchus xylophilus <\/em>au Portugal et en Europe. Nematology, 1, 727-734.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robertson, L., Cobacho Arcos, S., Escuer, M., Santiago Merino, R., Esparrago, G., Abelleira, A., Navas, A. 2011. Incidence du n\u00e9matode du pin Bursaphelenchus xylophilus <\/em>Steiner & Buhrer, 1934 (Nickle, 1970) en Espagne. Nematology, 13, 755-757.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Figure 1. Carte des zones actuellement d\u00e9limit\u00e9es en Galice.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n


Figure 2. Essai d’inoculation contr\u00f4l\u00e9e sur des semis de Pinus pinaster.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (N\u00e9matode du Pin, PWN), le n\u00e9matode qui cause la maladie du fl\u00e9trissement du pin (PWD), est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une menace tr\u00e8s importante pour les for\u00eats de pins europ\u00e9ennes. 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