{"id":11753,"date":"2023-04-26T16:38:32","date_gmt":"2023-04-26T14:38:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/?p=11753"},"modified":"2023-11-17T14:13:32","modified_gmt":"2023-11-17T13:13:32","slug":"malgre-le-risque-incendie-laustralie-veut-planter-400-000ha-de-foret-dici-2050","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/fr\/malgre-le-risque-incendie-laustralie-veut-planter-400-000ha-de-foret-dici-2050\/","title":{"rendered":"Malgr\u00e9 le risque incendie, l\u2018Australie veut planter 400 000ha de for\u00eat d\u2019ici 2050"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Pris en ciseau entre une hausse de la demande en bois, la difficult\u00e9 d\u2019atteindre les objectifs nationaux de r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions carbone et la pression des \u00e9cologistes qui ont obtenu l\u2019interdiction de toute r\u00e9colte de bois dans les for\u00eats natives qui repr\u00e9sentent pourtant la majorit\u00e9 des 134 millions ha de for\u00eats australienne, l\u2019\u00e9tat f\u00e9d\u00e9ral relance les incitations \u00e0 la plantation foresti\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les plantations qui ont b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 il y a 25 ans d\u2019incitations fiscales fortes par les \u00e9tats ne repr\u00e9sentent actuellement, apr\u00e8s les m\u00e9gafeux de 2019-2020, que 1,7 millions d\u2019ha r\u00e9partis entre l\u2019Eucalyptus (environ 0,7 millions d\u2019ha) qui produit de la fibre en rotation courte et le pin (environ 1,0 million d\u2019ha) qui produit en r\u00e9volutions de 35 ans, des bois de structure domestique). La part du pin radiata (30M3\/ha) devient majoritaire, les plantations de pin maritime (15m3\/ha) r\u00e9serv\u00e9es aux situations critiques en pr\u00e9cipitations \u00e9tant progressivement abandonn\u00e9es face au rendement sup\u00e9rieur des vari\u00e9t\u00e9s am\u00e9lior\u00e9es de pin radiata .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le programme d\u2019am\u00e9lioration g\u00e9n\u00e9tique du pays est mutualis\u00e9 au sein de treebreeding [www.treebreeding.com]  et financ\u00e9 int\u00e9gralement par toutes les organisations priv\u00e9es impliqu\u00e9es dans les plantations de pin radiata et d\u2019eucalyptus globulus. Il a permis un gain de productivit\u00e9 de 20 \u00e0 25 % en 2 g\u00e9n\u00e9rations et demies pour chacune des deux esp\u00e8ces. Pour le radiata, ce gain est estim\u00e9 sur la base d\u2019un indice composite – correspondant \u00e0 la valeur marchande du bois sur pied – regroupant la croissance, la forme, la densit\u00e9 du bois et la branchaison. L\u2019objectif de cette soci\u00e9t\u00e9 est de sortir des vari\u00e9t\u00e9s en continu \u00e0 l\u2019avenir avec des gains de 1 % par an en volume  sans compromettre les autres caract\u00e8res de l\u2019indice composite. L\u2019avenir de la ressource bois en Australie repose donc sur le pin radiata qui ne pr\u00e9sente pas de probl\u00e8mes sanitaires majeurs sur ce continent et l\u2019intensification de sa production par tous les moyens. Le travail de s\u00e9lection sur le pin maritime a cess\u00e9 car cette essence \u00e9tait privil\u00e9gi\u00e9e dans les r\u00e9gions o\u00f9 la pluviom\u00e9trie \u00e9tait inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 700 mm\/an ce qui ne permettait pas d\u2019esp\u00e9rer un haut niveau de production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019\u00e9tat dispose d\u2019importantes r\u00e9serves fonci\u00e8res dont une grande partie est convertie en parcs nationaux (r\u00e9serves int\u00e9grales) ; il ne peut pas les vendre mais peut les louer et de nombreux investisseurs souvent am\u00e9ricains sont int\u00e9ress\u00e9s. La faible disponibilit\u00e9 de terre pour le boisement reste un probl\u00e8me aussi bien pour les petits op\u00e9rateurs que pour les grands investisseurs internationaux qui utilisent ces plantations pour am\u00e9liorer le bilan carbone de leurs portefeuilles financiers tout en recherchant un rendement imm\u00e9diat d\u00e9corr\u00e9l\u00e9 des autres investissements traditionnels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La d\u00e9cision prise en 2023 par l\u2019\u00e9tat f\u00e9d\u00e9ral de ne plus exploiter les for\u00eats natives faites d\u2019eucalyptus dont 28 millions d\u2019hectares sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme exploitables (dont 8 millions d\u2019hectares \u00e0 potentiel \u00e9lev\u00e9) – g\u00e9r\u00e9s par coupes progressives et r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration naturelle, r\u00e9volution de 60 \u00e0 100 ans – prive le pays de 3.5 millions de m\u00e8tres cubes de bois de sciage souvent de grande qualit\u00e9 (Karri, Jarrah Muayr, red gum, mountain ash,  manna gum)  et tr\u00e8s durable. Dans les meilleures stations, ces eucalyptus d\u00e9passent fr\u00e9quemment 50m de haut, et peuvent attendre 3 m de diam\u00e8tre \u00e0 200 ans ce qui correspond \u00e0 des rendements sup\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 30m3\/HA\/an<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019Australie se retrouve donc en situation d\u2019exporter des mat\u00e9riaux bruts tels que de la plaquette foresti\u00e8re et de la pulpe \u00e0 papier, mais avec une balance commerciale d\u00e9ficitaire obligeant le pays \u00e0 importer du bois sous toutes ses formes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour compenser l\u2019interdiction des r\u00e9coltes dans les for\u00eats natives, l\u2019\u00e9tat lance un programme ambitieux de plantation d\u2019un milliard d\u2019arbres soit environ 400 000ha d\u2019ici 2050. Ces plantations \u00e9tant destin\u00e9es en grande partie \u00e0 l\u2019export sont install\u00e9es pr\u00e9f\u00e9rentiellement \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 des ports et sont aussi \u00e9ligibles aux cr\u00e9dits carbones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cependant le stockage en carbone est un sujet complexe dans le contexte australien o\u00f9 le feu a sculpt\u00e9 la for\u00eat depuis que les aborig\u00e8nes sont sur le continent il y a 60 000 ans. L\u2019oppression des peuples autochtones a entra\u00een\u00e9 une distorsion du r\u00e9gime des feux dans les for\u00eats natives, alors que le combustible \u00e9tait g\u00e9r\u00e9 activement par les aborig\u00e8nes qui pratiquaient des \u00e9cobuages r\u00e9guliers de quelques centaines ou milliers d\u2019hectares avec une fr\u00e9quence approximative de 10 ans. La colonisation a entra\u00een\u00e9 une accumulation de combustible qui s\u2019est traduite par des m\u00e9gafeux de tr\u00e8s forte intensit\u00e9 pouvant d\u00e9passer le million d\u2019ha (1939, 2009).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le probl\u00e8me des incendies impacte les possibilit\u00e9s assurantielles des plantations., malgr\u00e9 les moyens de pr\u00e9vention mis en \u0153uvre (d\u00e9broussaillement rigoureux) et les moyens de lutte achet\u00e9s par les propri\u00e9taires des plantations, on observe qu\u2019en moyenne 0,3% des plantations des plantations br\u00fblent chaque ann\u00e9e avec des pics \u00e0 3-4 % (1993, 2009, 2020), ce qui semble constituer une limite en termes de prise de risque pour les compagnies d\u2019assurances. Les for\u00eats de plantation br\u00fblent pourtant plut\u00f4t moins que les for\u00eats natives qui constituent un risque lorsqu\u2019elles sont voisines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vu la taille du pays la solution la plus efficace de pr\u00e9vention dans cet \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me domin\u00e9 par des for\u00eats naturelles passe par la g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation du br\u00fblage dirig\u00e9. Les cartes de combustibles sont donc r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement actualis\u00e9es avec les dates de passage du feu sur chaque parcelle foresti\u00e8re, Cependant, les surface de br\u00fblages dirig\u00e9s r\u00e9alis\u00e9es actuellement chaque ann\u00e9e, soit environ 200 000 ha sont bien en dessous des surfaces n\u00e9cessaires pour maintenir le niveau de risque \u00e0 un niveau acceptable. Au moins 100 000 ha suppl\u00e9mentaires seraient n\u00e9cessaires. Certains \u00e9tats commencent \u00e0 confier la gestion du combustible aux peuples autochtones, qui ma\u00eetrisent mieux les conditions de br\u00fblage. Les plantations peuvent faire aussi l\u2019objet de br\u00fblages dirig\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019exception des plantations de pin radiata dont l\u2019appareil racinaire tra\u00e7ant supporte mal le feu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plus d\u2019information : cf note de l\u2019ambassade<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Informations collect\u00e9es lors de la tourn\u00e9e australe organis\u00e9e par GROUPAMA FORET \u2013 Membre IEFC \u2013 Avril 2023 \u2013 contact Pascal Mayer pascal.mayer(at)groupama.fr<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Credits photo: frenchmoments.eu<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pris en ciseau entre une hausse de la demande en bois, la difficult\u00e9 d\u2019atteindre les objectifs nationaux de r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions carbone et la pression des \u00e9cologistes qui ont obtenu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":101,"featured_media":12262,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":4,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1,108,231,237,233,230],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11753","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archives","category-bioeconomy","category-climate-change","category-abiotic","category-mitigation","category-risk-management"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"fr","enabled_languages":["gb","fr","es","pt"],"languages":{"gb":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMalgr\u00e9 le risque incendie, l\u2018Australie veut planter 400 000ha de for\u00eat d\u2019ici 2050 - 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