{"id":5796,"date":"2022-03-11T09:34:52","date_gmt":"2022-03-11T08:34:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iefc.net\/?p=5796"},"modified":"2023-08-25T11:36:17","modified_gmt":"2023-08-25T09:36:17","slug":"tree-failure-during-strong-winds-measured-for-the-first-time","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/es\/tree-failure-during-strong-winds-measured-for-the-first-time\/","title":{"rendered":"Se mide por primera vez la ca\u00edda de un \u00e1rbol durante los fuertes vientos"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"617\" src=\"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Tree-failure-1024x617.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5797\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Tree-failure-1024x617.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Tree-failure-300x181.png 300w, https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Tree-failure-150x90.png 150w, https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Tree-failure-768x463.png 768w, https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Tree-failure.png 1087w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 1: La actividad de los ciclones tropicales en 2018 muestra un aumento de la actividad en el Atl\u00e1ntico Norte. Agria (Blunden and Arndt, 2019)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Los da\u00f1os causados por el viento en los bosques son una amenaza importante y creciente en muchas partes del mundo. En particular, con el cambio clim\u00e1tico se prev\u00e9 una intensificaci\u00f3n de los ciclones tropicales con una migraci\u00f3n hacia el norte, hacia latitudes m\u00e1s altas (Figura 1). Esto conllevar\u00e1 que los vientos intensos de los huracanes remanentes ser\u00e1n probablemente m\u00e1s comunes durante el oto\u00f1o en los pa\u00edses de la costa atl\u00e1ntica y alrededor del Mar del Norte. Adem\u00e1s, cada vez hay m\u00e1s pruebas de da\u00f1os en los bosques y en los \u00e1rboles urbanos debido a las intensas tormentas el\u00e9ctricas y a las borrascas durante el verano en Europa central y oriental (https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-40959863).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sin embargo, hasta la fecha nadie ha medido el proceso de ca\u00edda de los \u00e1rboles durante una tormenta intensa. Esto significa que el mecanismo real de ca\u00edda ha sido objeto de conjeturas basadas en experimentos de arrastre de \u00e1rboles, observaciones posteriores a la tormenta y pruebas de v\u00eddeo. El 1 de octubre de 2018 el super-tif\u00f3n Trami caus\u00f3 devastaci\u00f3n en toda la isla principal de Jap\u00f3n (https:\/\/www.ouest-france.fr\/monde\/japon\/trami-un-nouveau-super-typhon-frappe-le-japon-et-fait-des-blesses-5992961). Afortunadamente, una colega japonesa, la Dra. Kana Kamimura, de la Universidad de Shinshu (Jap\u00f3n), estaba monitorizando los movimientos y las cargas de viento en una serie de \u00e1rboles de cryptomeria japonica gen\u00e9ticamente similares en una parcela sin entresacar y otra entresacada. Durante la tormenta cayeron varios \u00e1rboles, pero s\u00f3lo en la parcela reci\u00e9n entresacada (entresaca realizada el a\u00f1o anterior) y, sorprendentemente, a pesar de los intensos vientos y los da\u00f1os sufridos por los \u00e1rboles, se dispuso de datos de 20 \u00e1rboles en la parcela no entresacada y de 9 \u00e1rboles en la entresacada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Video of the research plots recorded after damage from super typhoon Trami\" width=\"525\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/5ZjQOQC-kN0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ahora, despu\u00e9s de un an\u00e1lisis en profundidad y de hacer frente a los problemas debidos a los periodos de datos perdidos durante la tormenta, se ha publicado un art\u00edculo que documenta el comportamiento de los \u00e1rboles durante el tif\u00f3n y el mecanismo exacto de ca\u00edda en la prestigiosa revista Science Advances con autores de Jap\u00f3n (Kana Kamimura, Kazuki Nanko, Asako Matsumoto, Saneyoshi Ueno), Francia (Barry Gardiner) y el Reino Unido (James Gardiner) (Kamimura et al., 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El mensaje clave del documento es que los \u00e1rboles son vulnerables inmediatamente despu\u00e9s del clareo debido a la eliminaci\u00f3n de los \u00e1rboles vecinos. Estos \u00e1rboles vecinos proporcionan una mayor \u00abrigidez\u00bb y amortiguaci\u00f3n al \u00e1rbol en cuesti\u00f3n debido al choque casi continuo de las copas en la parcela no entresacada (https:\/\/youtu.be\/pW9oMKlmcG8) que reduce la fuerza del viento que se transmite a trav\u00e9s del tallo al sistema de ra\u00edces y del suelo. Sin embargo, en la parcela entresacada, con todos los \u00e1rboles vecinos inmediatos eliminados, los \u00e1rboles tienen m\u00e1s libertad de movimiento y la amortiguaci\u00f3n de las colisiones se reduce sustancialmente. Observamos que estos \u00e1rboles se mov\u00edan de forma err\u00e1tica y, tras un r\u00e1pido aumento de la velocidad del viento a medida que se intensificaba la tormenta, estos \u00e1rboles empezaron a inclinarse cada vez m\u00e1s lejos de su posici\u00f3n inicial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Animation of derived tree displacements for damaged tree S14 during typhoon Trami\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/-qWwOaR8b8g?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Algunos \u00e1rboles fueron arrancados y cayeron, pero incluso los \u00e1rboles no da\u00f1ados de la parcela entresacada quedaron ligeramente inclinados tras el paso del tif\u00f3n. En cambio, todos los \u00e1rboles de la parcela no entresacada volvieron a su posici\u00f3n inicial. El vuelco de los \u00e1rboles da\u00f1ados no fue inmediato y se produjo en un periodo de una a dos horas. Algunos \u00e1rboles presentaban da\u00f1os en m\u00faltiples ra\u00edces peque\u00f1as y el proceso de da\u00f1os fue relativamente lento. En otros \u00e1rboles se dieron evidencias claras de da\u00f1os en una ra\u00edz importante al principio del periodo de vientos intensos y el proceso de ca\u00edda fue m\u00e1s r\u00e1pido.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La lecci\u00f3n para la gesti\u00f3n forestal que se desprende de este estudio es que la interacci\u00f3n de las copas de los \u00e1rboles en el dosel del bosque es crucial para la estabilidad de los \u00e1rboles durante los vientos fuertes. Cualquier alteraci\u00f3n del bosque que reduzca esta interacci\u00f3n de las copas, como el clareo, reduce inmediatamente la estabilidad de los \u00e1rboles. Con el tiempo, la copa crecer\u00e1 y los \u00e1rboles se ajustar\u00e1n a su nuevo entorno de vientos aumentando el tama\u00f1o de sus ra\u00edces y el di\u00e1metro del tallo (D\u00e8fossez et al., 2021; Nicoll et al., 2019). Tras este ajuste, estos \u00e1rboles entresacados ser\u00e1n m\u00e1s estables que los no entresacados (Mason y Valinger, 2013). La importancia de la interacci\u00f3n de las copas tambi\u00e9n puede ser la raz\u00f3n por la que los rodales irregulares son m\u00e1s estables (Mason, 2002; Pukkala et al., 2016) y por la que el clareo selectivo es una opci\u00f3n m\u00e1s sensata en regiones con un clima ventoso o para rodales forestales con \u00e1rboles lo suficientemente grandes como para ser vulnerables a los da\u00f1os del viento (Kerr y Haufe, 2011; Pommerening y Murphy, 2004).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Barry Gardiner<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>IEFC, Pierroton<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><em>17 de febrero de 2022<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Referencias<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Blunden, J., Arndt, D.S., 2019. State of the Climate in 2018. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 100. https:\/\/doi.org\/doi:10.1175\/2019BAMSStateoftheClimate.1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00e8fossez, P., Rajaonalison, F., Bosc, A., 2021. How wind acclimation impacts Pinus pinaster growth in comparison to resource availability. For. An Int. J. For. Res. 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/forestry\/cpab028<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kamimura, K., Nanko, K., Matsumoto, A., Ueno, S., Gardiner, J., Gardiner, B., 2022. Tree dynamic response and survival in a category-5 tropical cyclone\u202f: The case of super typhoon Trami. Sci. Adv. 8, 1\u201311.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kerr, G., Haufe, J., 2011. Thinning Practice: A Silvicultural Guide. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mason, B., Valinger, E., 2013. Managing forests to reduce storm damage, in: Gardiner, B., Schuck, A., Schelhaas, M.-J., Orazio, C., Blennow, K., Nicoll, B. (Eds.), Living with Storm Damage to Forests: What Science Can Tell Us. European Forest Institute, pp. 89\u201398.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mason, W.L., 2002. Are irregular stands more windfirm\u202f? 75.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nicoll, B.C., Connolly, T., Gardiner, B.A., 2019. Changes in spruce growth and biomass allocation following thinning and guying treatments. Forests 10, 253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f10030253<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pommerening, A., Murphy, S.T., 2004. A review of the history, definitions and methods of continuous cover forestry with special attention to afforestation and restocking. Forestry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/forestry\/77.1.27<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pukkala, T., Laiho, O., L\u00e4hde, E., 2016. Continuous cover management reduces wind damage. For. Ecol. Manage. 372, 120\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foreco.2016.04.014<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Los da\u00f1os causados por el viento en los bosques son una amenaza importante y creciente en muchas partes del mundo. En particular, con el cambio clim\u00e1tico se prev\u00e9 una intensificaci\u00f3n [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":101,"featured_media":5797,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":4,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[237,230],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5796","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-abiotic","category-risk-management"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["gb","fr","es","pt"],"languages":{"gb":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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