{"id":4950,"date":"2021-05-25T12:55:20","date_gmt":"2021-05-25T10:55:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iefc.net\/?p=4950"},"modified":"2023-08-25T11:36:33","modified_gmt":"2023-08-25T09:36:33","slug":"europe-is-entering-the-age-of-the-bioeconomy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/es\/europe-is-entering-the-age-of-the-bioeconomy\/","title":{"rendered":"Europa entra en la era de la bioeconom\u00eda"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Dos art\u00edculos recientes en Nature, Abrupto aumento de la superficie forestal cosechada en toda Europa despu\u00e9s de 2015<\/a> (Ceccherini et al., 2020) \u00a0y Preocupaciones sobre la superficie cosechada y la p\u00e9rdida de biomasa en los bosques europeos <\/a> (Palah\u00ed et al., 2021) han abierto un importante debate sobre la bioeconom\u00eda basada en los bosques en Europa y su impacto en la cosecha de bosques. Lo que est\u00e1 claro es que la cosecha forestal ha aumentado un 6% en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os\u00a0 (FAOSTAT, 2019) \u00a0y\u00a0 no un\u00a0 69%, seg\u00fan datos de Ceccherini et al. (2020). Las diferencias en la estimaci\u00f3n se deben a una serie de factores que conjuntamente significan que las predicciones de \u00a0Ceccherini et al. (2020) \u00a0son imprudentes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Uno de los errores m\u00e1s\nimportantes en las predicciones se debe a la creciente sensibilidad de los algoritmos\nde detecci\u00f3n de sat\u00e9lites y perturbaciones desde 2015. Esta mayor sensibilidad\nsignifica que muchas operaciones forestales a peque\u00f1a escala, como entresacas y\npeque\u00f1os clareos, se est\u00e1n incluyendo ahora como cosechas que no se tuvieron en\ncuenta antes de 2015. Tambi\u00e9n significa que la cosecha o perturbaci\u00f3n dentro\ndel bosque antes de 2015 podr\u00eda haberse perdido en los datos satelitales en\nestas fechas anteriores, pero que de repente se hubiera detectado en 2015\ny  representar\u00eda  un  aumento\nescalonado en los niveles de perturbaci\u00f3n. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Hubo muchos ejemplos de\ninclusi\u00f3n err\u00f3nea de perturbaciones naturales. Una  serie de perturbaciones a gran escala que\nafectaron a los bosques europeos en el per\u00edodo posterior a 2015  por el viento,  las polillas procesionales de pino y los\nataques de escarabajos de la corteza se atribuyeron err\u00f3neamente a la actividad\nhumana  e  inflaron artificialmente las estimaciones de\nla cosecha de bosques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. La metodolog\u00eda de mapeo\ncambia contando p\u00edxeles individuales en los datos del sat\u00e9lite, y sumar todos\nlos p\u00edxeles designados como perturbaci\u00f3n para calcular el \u00e1rea total carece de\nrigor estad\u00edstico y  puede producir\nestimaciones sesgadas.  Debe  utilizarse una\nmetodolog\u00eda de muestreo estratificada adecuada  (Olofsson et al., 2013)  que tenga en cuenta tanto errores de omisi\u00f3n\n(falsos negativos) como errores de comisi\u00f3n (falsos positivos).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En general, dichos factores  han conducido a la falsa impresi\u00f3n de que la\ncosecha en Europa ha aumentado dr\u00e1sticamente desde 2015. Tambi\u00e9n condujeron a  Ceccherini et al. (2020) a\natribuir este aparente cambio a las pol\u00edticas de la Uni\u00f3n Europea en materia de\nbio-energ\u00eda y promoci\u00f3n de la madera como fuente de bio-energ\u00eda sin ninguna\nprueba que respaldase esta conclusi\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El debate ha demostrado una\nserie de  puntos importantes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Medir\ny monitorizar los bosques  europeos es\nm\u00e1s importante que nunca. En particular, es especialmente importante que\nadoptemos un enfoque coherente de la vigilancia forestal en toda Europa  (Tomppo y Schadauer, 2008)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Los\ndatos de teledetecci\u00f3n deben comprobarse siempre con otros datos,  como las mediciones terrestres o los inventarios\nforestales\nnacionales (Wernick et al., 2021). El uso de\ndatos de teledetecci\u00f3n sin pruebas corroborantes est\u00e1 abierto a la posibilidad\nde errores debido a una interpretaci\u00f3n incorrecta de los datos o a un sesgo de\nmuestreo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Los\nbosques plantados seguir\u00e1n proporcionando una cantidad cada vez mayor de madera\ny otras materias primas forestales en el sector industrial europeo, al tiempo\nque contribuir\u00e1n a los objetivos de mitigaci\u00f3n del clima de  la Uni\u00f3n Europea  (Comisi\u00f3n Europea, 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. La demanda de materiales basados en madera\naumentar\u00e1 a medida que la sociedad avance hacia una econom\u00eda m\u00e1s dependiente de\nla producci\u00f3n sostenible de materias primas con un mayor uso de material\nvegetal; la llamada \u00abeconom\u00eda verde\u00bb. \nLos bosques plantados ofrecen una de las pocas maneras de satisfacer la\ndemanda de una forma consistente con la necesidad de mitigar tambi\u00e9n los\nimpactos del cambio clim\u00e1tico  (Gardiner y Moore, 2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El papel de los bosques\nplantados y de alta producci\u00f3n est\u00e1 deviniendo cada vez m\u00e1s importante en la\neconom\u00eda europea tanto en la actualidad como en el futuro. A pesar de las\npreocupaciones sobre los impactos de los bosques plantados en la biodiversidad\ny su vulnerabilidad a los diferentes peligros, \nes evidente que con una planificaci\u00f3n cuidadosa y pr\u00e1cticas de gesti\u00f3n\nadecuadas es posible aumentar la superficie y la producci\u00f3n de los bosques plantados\n(Larsen et al., 2017) que\ntambi\u00e9n beneficia al medio ambiente y con niveles reducidos de riesgo (Jactel et al., 2017). La clave est\u00e1 en una comprensi\u00f3n adecuada de las complejas\ninteracciones entre los bosques, la gesti\u00f3n, el clima, el medio ambiente y la\nsociedad. El IEFC est\u00e1 en una posici\u00f3n \u00fanica para ayudar a desarrollar esa\ncomprensi\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s de su s\u00f3lida red de socios y su conexi\u00f3n directa con los\nsectores de la silvicultura y la transformaci\u00f3n de productos forestales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Por: Barry Gardiner (IEFC)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Imagen de Thomas Lambert, Unsplash<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ceccherini, G., Duveiller, G., Grassi, G., Lemoine, G.,\nAvitabile, V., Pilli, R., Cescatti, A., 2020. Abrupt increase in harvested forest area over Europe\nafter 2015. Nature 583, 72\u201377.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2438-y<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Commission, 2018.\nRegulation (EU) 2018\/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30\nMay 2018 on the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land\nuse, land use change and forestry in the 2030 climate and energy framework, and\namending Regulation. Off. J. Eur. Union 19, 1\u201325.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gardiner, B., Moore, J., 2014.\nCreating the Wood Supply of the Future, in: Fenning, T. (Ed.), Challenges and\nOpportunities for the World\u2019s Forests in the 21st Century, Forestry Sciences.\nSpringer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 687\u2013704.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-007-7076-8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jactel, H., Bauhus, J., Boberg,\nJ., Bonal, D., Castagneyrol, B., Gardiner, B., Gonzalez-Olabarria, J.R.,\nKoricheva, J., Meurisse, N., Brockerhoff, E.G., 2017. Tree diversity drives\nforest stand resistance to natural disturbances. Curr. For. Reports.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40725-017-0064-1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Larsen, S., Bentsen, N.S.,\nDalgaard, T., J\u00f8rgensen, U., Olesen, J.E., Felby, C., 2017. Possibilities for\nnear-term bioenergy production and GHG-mitigation through sustainable\nintensification of agriculture and forestry in Denmark. Environ. Res. Lett. 12.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa9001<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Olofsson, P., Foody, G.M.,\nStehman, S. V., Woodcock, C.E., 2013. Making better use of accuracy data in\nland change studies: Estimating accuracy and area and quantifying uncertainty\nusing stratified estimation. Remote Sens. Environ. 129, 122\u2013131.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rse.2012.10.031<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Palah\u00ed, M., Valbuena, R., Senf,\nC., Acil, N., Pugh, T.A.M., Sadler, J., Seidl, R., Potapov, P., Gardiner, B.,\nHetem\u00e4ki, L., Chirici, G., Francini, S., Hl\u00e1sny, T., Jan, B., Lerink, W.,\nOlsson, H., Ram\u00f3n, J., Olabarria, G., Ascoli, D., Asikainen, A., Jactel, H.,\nLindner, M., Marchetti, M., Maru\u0161\u00e1k, R., Sheil, D., Tom\u00e9, M., Trasobares, A.,\nVerkerk, P.J., Korhonen, M., 2021. Concerns about reported harvests in European\nforests. Nature 592, 15\u201317.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tomppo, E., Schadauer, K., 2008.\nCOST Action E43 Harmonisation of National Inventories in Europe\u202f: Techniques\nfor Common Reporting. Brussels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wernick, I.K., Ciais, P., Fridman,\nJ., H\u00f6gberg, P., Korhonen, K.T., From, A., Ceccherini, G., 2021. Quantifying\nforest change in the European Union. Nature 592, 13\u201314.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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