{"id":31494,"date":"2026-07-16T11:53:31","date_gmt":"2026-07-16T09:53:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/?p=31494"},"modified":"2026-07-17T12:57:17","modified_gmt":"2026-07-17T10:57:17","slug":"repensando-o-controlo-do-nematodo-do-pinheiro-em-florestas-em-declinio","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/es\/repensando-o-controlo-do-nematodo-do-pinheiro-em-florestas-em-declinio\/","title":{"rendered":"Repensar el control del nematodo de la madera del pino en bosques en decaimiento"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-aaf2b790576adcdd1ada3156fff13775 wp-block-paragraph\">El nematodo de la madera del pino (PWN), <em>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/em>, es un pat\u00f3geno de gran virulencia para los pinos. El pino mar\u00edtimo (<em>Pinus pinaster<\/em>), en particular, ha demostrado ser altamente susceptible, y los \u00e1rboles en decaimiento presentan habitualmente densidades m\u00e1s elevadas de nematodos. Sin embargo, como se ha puesto de manifiesto en trabajos recientes, el decaimiento forestal no puede atribuirse \u00fanicamente al PWN: resulta dif\u00edcil separar sus efectos directos de otros factores de estr\u00e9s bi\u00f3ticos y abi\u00f3ticos. La enfermedad del marchitamiento del pino (PWD, figura 1) se presenta m\u00e1s bien como un fen\u00f3meno multifactorial condicionado por la biolog\u00eda del pat\u00f3geno, la din\u00e1mica de los vectores, las interacciones en la comunidad forestal y el clima.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Image-Rethinking-pinewood-nematode-control-in-declining-forests.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-31496\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.5315300528509996\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Image-Rethinking-pinewood-nematode-control-in-declining-forests.jpg 900w, https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Image-Rethinking-pinewood-nematode-control-in-declining-forests-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Image-Rethinking-pinewood-nematode-control-in-declining-forests-150x113.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Image-Rethinking-pinewood-nematode-control-in-declining-forests-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-37496fcb7067d5e0b8d8eb6f14a86ff5 wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong><em><strong><em><strong>Figura 1:<\/strong> Pinos mar\u00edtimos con s\u00edntomas de la enfermedad del marchitamiento del pino.<\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c0d5bb8d36d3cab917f9eeac524a59b1 wp-block-paragraph\">A pesar de esta complejidad, las estrategias europeas de contenci\u00f3n y erradicaci\u00f3n se han mantenido pr\u00e1cticamente sin cambios durante casi tres d\u00e9cadas, bas\u00e1ndose principalmente en la detecci\u00f3n y eliminaci\u00f3n de los \u00e1rboles marchitos y en suposiciones sobre la capacidad de dispersi\u00f3n de los vectores <em>Monochamus<\/em>. Si bien estas medidas ofrecen simplicidad operativa, han sido ampliamente criticadas por apoyarse en estimaciones inciertas de la transmisi\u00f3n y dispersi\u00f3n de los vectores, y por omitir aspectos clave de la biolog\u00eda del PWN. Entre ellos figuran la capacidad del nematodo para persistir en \u00e1rboles asintom\u00e1ticos, la variaci\u00f3n en la virulencia, la posibilidad de ciclos de vida saprof\u00edticos alternativos y las marcadas interacciones con el clima. La sequ\u00eda, en particular, agrava la gravedad del PWD y se prev\u00e9 que se intensifique con el cambio clim\u00e1tico, con el riesgo de desbordar los sistemas de contenci\u00f3n, como ya ha ocurrido en el pasado reciente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El control centrado en los vectores tambi\u00e9n ha tendido a ignorar el contexto ecol\u00f3gico. Las interacciones entre especies influyen considerablemente en la abundancia de <em>Monochamus<\/em> en los \u00e1rboles en decaimiento, y su abundancia suele ser mucho menor de lo que se supone, ya que aparecen en menos de un tercio de los pinos en decaimiento del suroeste de Portugal. Esto sugiere que el apeo estrat\u00e9gico y selectivo de los \u00e1rboles de alto riesgo podr\u00eda reducir sustancialmente la propagaci\u00f3n del PWN, eliminando tan solo una fracci\u00f3n de los \u00e1rboles afectados, lo que reducir\u00eda los costes y la sobrecarga del sistema. Sin embargo, estos enfoques requieren una comprensi\u00f3n m\u00e1s profunda de las preferencias de los vectores y la foresis de los nematodos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En t\u00e9rminos m\u00e1s generales, la gesti\u00f3n del PWN refleja un problema habitual en las pol\u00edticas de gesti\u00f3n de las perturbaciones forestales: una dependencia de herramientas est\u00e1ticas y orientadas a la contenci\u00f3n que priorizan el registro de los da\u00f1os sobre la prevenci\u00f3n. Tras 27 a\u00f1os, millones de euros invertidos y la inevitable propagaci\u00f3n del PWN desde Portugal a Espa\u00f1a y ahora a Francia, resulta cada vez m\u00e1s evidente que el diagn\u00f3stico y la corta por s\u00ed solos no son suficientes. Mientras Asia ha avanzado en investigaci\u00f3n sobre resistencia del hospedador y el control biol\u00f3gico, Europa ha tardado en asumir que el PWN ya no es un problema de erradicaci\u00f3n, sino permanente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-78dae80c01e334d65b63a3b241832545 wp-block-paragraph\">De cara al futuro, Europa debe transitar de las t\u00e1cticas de aplazamiento hacia una gesti\u00f3n adaptativa a largo plazo. La integraci\u00f3n de los principios de \u00abUna sola salud\u00bb, mediante la identificaci\u00f3n de reservorios, la revisi\u00f3n de los ciclos de vida de los pat\u00f3genos, la consideraci\u00f3n de las v\u00edas de diseminaci\u00f3n a larga distancia y la actualizaci\u00f3n de las proyecciones ante el cambio clim\u00e1tico y del uso del suelo, ofrece una v\u00eda para alinear la ciencia, las pol\u00edticas y la prevenci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f1e62d0f448367876eeca7074279ee70 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#006633\"><em><em><em><strong><em><strong>David Pires<\/strong><\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Referencias:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Carla S. Pimentel,\u00a0David Pires,\u00a0Jo\u00e3o Camp\u00f4a,\u00a0Jordana Branco,\u00a0Raquel Marques,\u00a0Manuel M. Mota\u00a0&amp;\u00a0Teresa Calv\u00e3o\u00a0&#8211;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10658-025-03122-0\">Multiple factors associated with forest decline in the context of control measures for the pinewood nematode | European Journal of Plant Pathology | Springer Nature Link<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>El nematodo de la madera del pino (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, es un pat\u00f3geno de gran virulencia para los pinos. El pino mar\u00edtimo (Pinus pinaster), en particular, ha demostrado ser altamente [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":101,"featured_media":31498,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":4,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"federated","footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31494","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-iefc-newsletter"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["gb","fr","pt","es"],"languages":{"gb":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - 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