{"id":22827,"date":"2025-06-10T15:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-06-10T13:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/?p=22827"},"modified":"2025-06-10T10:31:31","modified_gmt":"2025-06-10T08:31:31","slug":"current-scenario-of-the-pine-wood-nematode-in-galicia-spain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.plantedforests.org\/es\/current-scenario-of-the-pine-wood-nematode-in-galicia-spain\/","title":{"rendered":"Escenario actual del nematodo de la madera del pino en Galicia (Espa\u00f1a)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/em> (nematodo de la madera del pino, NMP), el nematodo causante de la enfermedad del marchitamiento del pino (EMP), se considera una amenaza muy importante para los pinares europeos. Est\u00e1 incluido en la lista A2 de la Organizaci\u00f3n Europea y Mediterr\u00e1nea de Protecci\u00f3n de las Plantas (OEPP) y en el anexo II del Reglamento de Ejecuci\u00f3n (UE) 2019\/2072 como plaga cuarentenaria de la Uni\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Este pat\u00f3geno apareci\u00f3 por primera vez en Europa en 1999, concretamente en Portugal, lo que condujo a la declaraci\u00f3n de todo su territorio continental como zona demarcada en 2008 (Mota et al., 2009). En Espa\u00f1a se detect\u00f3 por primera vez en 2008 (Robertson et al., 2011), limit\u00e1ndose actualmente su presencia a las regiones lim\u00edtrofes con Portugal: Salamanca, C\u00e1ceres y sur de Galicia. La legislaci\u00f3n de la Uni\u00f3n Europea, concretamente la Decisi\u00f3n de Ejecuci\u00f3n 2012\/535\/UE de la Comisi\u00f3n (en adelante, la Decisi\u00f3n), estableci\u00f3 \u00e1reas demarcadas en estos territorios, que comprenden una zona infestada y una zona tamp\u00f3n de 20 km de radio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La presencia de B. xylophilus <\/em>se declar\u00f3 oficialmente en Galicia (noroeste de Espa\u00f1a) a finales de 2010 en As Neves, Pontevedra (DOG n\u00ba 228, 26 de noviembre de 2010, p. 19.633; Abelleira et al., 2011). Posteriormente, en 2016 se produjo una nueva detecci\u00f3n positiva en Salvaterra do Mi\u00f1o, Pontevedra, cerca del positivo de 2010, que no alter\u00f3 el \u00e1rea demarcada (DOG n\u00ba 117, 21 de junio de 2016, p. 25643). Dos a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s, en 2018, se detectaron cinco nuevos positivos, lo que supuso una ampliaci\u00f3n de la zona demarcada (DOG n\u00ba 8, de 11 de enero de 2019, p. 1559). Desde su detecci\u00f3n inicial en 2010 hasta principios de 2025, la Xunta de Galicia ha venido realizando diversas actuaciones para erradicar el NMP de acuerdo con las directrices europeas (la Decisi\u00f3n). Sin embargo, la zona ha sido declarada recientemente zona de contenci\u00f3n, estableci\u00e9ndose una zona tamp\u00f3n de 20 km alrededor del \u00e1rea previamente demarcada (DOG n\u00ba 31, 14 de febrero de 2025, p. 12235; Figura 1, \u00e1rea demarcada n\u00ba 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adem\u00e1s, las prospecciones realizadas en 2024 fuera de la zona demarcada existente revelaron cuatro muestras positivas para el NMP en cuatro pinos de Lobios, Ourense (DOG n\u00ba 236, 9 de diciembre de 2024, p. 64505), lo que llev\u00f3 al establecimiento de una nueva zona demarcada en Galicia (Figura 1, zona demarcada n\u00ba 2). Esta \u00e1rea incluye una zona infestada con un radio de 100 m alrededor de los \u00e1rboles infectados y una zona tamp\u00f3n de 20 km, que requiere la aplicaci\u00f3n de medidas de erradicaci\u00f3n de acuerdo con el art\u00edculo 6 y el anexo I de la Decisi\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En este contexto, en torno a la primera aparici\u00f3n de B. xylophilus <\/em>en Galicia y para combatir los da\u00f1os potenciales de este pat\u00f3geno en los pinares gallegos, el Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Forestal de Louriz\u00e1n (Xunta de Galicia) inici\u00f3 una l\u00ednea de mejora gen\u00e9tica para conferir resistencia a este nematodo dentro de los programas de mejora gen\u00e9tica gallegos de Pinus pinaster <\/em>y Pinus radiata<\/em>. Dado que este pat\u00f3geno es un organismo de cuarentena, se realizaron numerosos ensayos de inoculaci\u00f3n en condiciones controladas de invernadero (Figura 2), evaluando genotipos procedentes de las poblaciones reproductoras gallegas de ambas especies. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que la resistencia a B. xylophilus <\/em>es heredable en ambas especies, destacando en cada caso un grupo de genotipos como los m\u00e1s resistentes (Men\u00e9ndez-Guti\u00e9rrez et al., 2018 y 2021). En este contexto, seis parentales de familias de P. pinaster <\/em>fueron incorporados al Cat\u00e1logo Nacional de Materiales de Base por su resistencia a B. xylophilus <\/em>(BOE n\u00ba 165, de 12 de junio de 2020, p. 39838), y se encuentran en producci\u00f3n,<\/strong> pero <\/strong>con una capacidad de producci\u00f3n de semilla limitada. En consecuencia, algunos viveros gallegos, en colaboraci\u00f3n con la Xunta de Galicia y la fundaci\u00f3n ARUME, han iniciado la clonaci\u00f3n de este material mediante esquejes para aumentar la disponibilidad de pl\u00e1ntulas resistentes (\u00abProyecto GOPI\u00d1A\u00bb, https:\/\/xn--gopia-rta.gal\/es <\/a>). Hasta la fecha, las plantas resistentes producidas han sido plantadas por la Xunta de Galicia en la zona demarcada n\u00ba 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autores: D\u00edaz, R., Frade, S.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abelleira, A., Picoaga, A., Mansilla, J.P., Aguin, O. 2011 Detecci\u00f3n de Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/em>, agente causal del marchitamiento del pino en Pinus pinaster <\/em>en el noroeste de Espa\u00f1a. Plant Dis. 95, 776-776.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Men\u00e9ndez-Guti\u00e9rrez, M., Alonso, M., Toval, G., D\u00edaz, R. 2018. Ensayos de tolerancia al nematodo de la madera del pino (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/em>) en familias semisib seleccionadas de Pinus pinaster<\/em>. Silvicultura: una revista internacional de investigaci\u00f3n forestal, 91, 38-48.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Men\u00e9ndez-Guti\u00e9rrez, M., Alonso, M., D\u00edaz, R. 2021. Evaluaci\u00f3n de la variaci\u00f3n gen\u00e9tica en la resistencia al nematodo de la madera del pino (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/em>) en familias de hermanastras de Pinus radiata <\/em>D. Don. Bosques 2021, 12, 1474.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mota, M., Braasch, H., Bravo, M. 1999. Primer informe de Bursaphelenchus xylophilus <\/em>en Portugal y en Europa. Nematolog\u00eda, 1, 727-734.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robertson, L., Cobacho Arcos, S., Escuer, M., Santiago Merino, R., Esparrago, G., Abelleira, A., Navas, A. 2011. Incidencia del nematodo de la madera del pino Bursaphelenchus xylophilus <\/em>Steiner & Buhrer, 1934 (Nickle, 1970) en Espa\u00f1a. Nematolog\u00eda, 13, 755-757.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Figura 1. Mapa de las zonas actualmente demarcadas en Galicia.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figura 2. Ensayo de inoculaci\u00f3n controlada en pl\u00e1ntulas de Pinus pinaster Ensayo de inoculaci\u00f3n controlada en pl\u00e1ntulas de Pinus pinaster<\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (nematodo de la madera del pino, NMP), el nematodo causante de la enfermedad del marchitamiento del pino (EMP), se considera una amenaza muy importante para los pinares europeos. Est\u00e1 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":101,"featured_media":22829,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":4,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"federated","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[333,334],"class_list":["post-22827","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archives","tag-333","tag-334"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"es","enabled_languages":["gb","fr","es","pt"],"languages":{"gb":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEscenario actual del nematodo de la madera del pino en Galicia (Espa\u00f1a) - 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